Heterozygous is an organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene.
What is Heterozygous?Genes come in a variety of forms. Each variant is referred to as an allele. You inherit two alleles for each gene: one from your biological father and one from your biological mother. A genotype is the sum of these alleles.
You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two versions vary. Being heterozygous for hair color, for example, means you have one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair.
The interaction of the two alleles influences which qualities are expressed. It also determines which traits you are a carrier for.
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the fact that genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that are unchanged when passed from generation to generation is best explained by the .
The fact that genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that are unchanged when passed from generation to generation is best explained by the particulate theory of inheritance.
Particulate inheritance is a pattern of inheritance discovered by Mendelian genetics theorists, such as William Bateson, Ronald Fisher, or Gregor Mendel himself, demonstrating that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through "discrete particles" known as genes, which can maintain their ability to express while not always showing up in a descending generation.
According to the notion of particulate inheritance, distinct "particles" are handed down from parents to children. Although Mendel referred to them as "particles," we now understand that they are true "genes." These guidelines make up the so-called system of gene-based particle inheritance.
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Identical copies of chromosomal dna held together by a common functional centromere are called
Sister chromatid is the identical copies of chromosomal dna held together by a common functional centromere .
In general , the Sister chromatid indicates the identical copies or chromatids produced by the process of DNA replication of a chromosome, these copies also joined with each other by a common centromere.
We can say that chromatid are one of the two identical parts of a chromosome that can be replicated during the process for cell division. Hence , two sister chromatids are formed at a middle junction of the chromosome called the centromere. They are formed in tight association through G2 phase and early mitosis.
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if an individual has two heterozygous gene pairs, how many genetically different gametes can be formed?
If an individual has two heterozygous gene pairs, two genetically different gametes can be formed.
Any one of a number of different DNA sequences can be found at a given gene locus. Matching genes, one from our biological father and one from our biological mother, are called alleles. Every gene we possess has two copies. They may be the same, yet they also frequently have minute distinctions.
An individual who is heterozygous possesses two alleles that are distinct from one another. As a consequence, it would have the genotype Aa. An individual who possesses the genotype Aa is capable of producing both the A and a types of gametes.
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most cells express about 45 trnas while there are 61 potential codons that can bind trnas. what does this difference in numbers suggest about trna binding?
Multiple codons can pair with numerous tRNAs.This indicates that many amino acids are specified by multiple codons.
Because the right field in the tRNA anticodon can recognise two or more distinct codons on an mRNA, since there are 61 different base pairs that code again for 20 amino acids, there are just 45 different tRNAs. We refer to this capacity for different codon recognition as "wobble." Due to the genetic code's redundancy, 61 triplet codons require 32 tRNA. This indicates that many amino acids are specified by multiple codons. The fact that a tRNA frequently can obtain more than one of these codons means that the cell does not have to produce numerous tRNAs to bring the same amino acid. Less than 61 transfer RNAs are used in the standard genetic code to translate 61 codons into 20 amino acids.
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a neuron responds best to a spot of light that is the size of the excitatory center of the receptive field. this is because of .
Center-surround antagonism. Antagonism between the centre and surround areas of the photoreceptor neuron cells receptive fields is referred to as center-surround antagonism.
Edge detection and contrast amplification are made possible by center-surround antagonism in the visual cortex. Many visual and somatosensory neurons exhibit this property, in which activation in the centre of the receptive field causes opposing responses to stimulation in the periphery. The centre of the receptive field experiences an increase in firing or cellular response when a small bright spot lands there, while the periphery has a decrease in cellular response. Both excitatory and inhibitory regions can be found in center-surround receptive fields.
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distinguish between (difference between) a. autosomes and sex chromosomes b. genotype and phenotype c. dna and rna d. recessive and dominant traits e. pedigrees and keryotypes f. gene and genome g. exome and genome
a. Autosomes are chromosomes that determine all traits other than sexual characteristics, whereas sex chromosomes determine sexual characteristics.
b. Genotype refers to a person's genetic makeup, whereas phenotype refers to observable traits.
c. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that stores information in cells, and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) aids in the translation of that information into protein synthesis.
d. Recessive traits are only expressed when a person inherits two copies of a specific gene, whereas dominant traits require only one copy of the gene.
e. Pedigrees are graphical depictions of family relationships and inheritance patterns, whereas karyotypes are graphical representations of chromosomes.
f. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait, whereas the genome is an organism's entire set of genetic material.
g. The exome is the part of the genome that codes for proteins, whereas the genome contains all genetic material, including non-coding DNA.
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The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is?
the revolving nosepiece of a compound microscope is used to
the revolving nosepiece of a compound microscope is used to move lenses.
The lens components that are closest to the specimen being studied and that produce the enlarged picture are called the objective lenses.
The user can quickly and simply change the objective lens being utilized to switch between different magnifications thanks to the rotating nosepiece. The nosepiece can be turned to rotate the objective lenses, which are normally grouped in a circular pattern around it.
The magnification power of each objective lens varies, ranging from low-power lenses for scanning a large region of the specimen to high-power lenses for observing small details. The specimen is examined at various degrees of detail using the various magnifications in order.
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14.) how can the serine proteases be nearly identical in sequence and structure, yet have different functions?
Serine proteases have a nearly identical sequence as well as structure and yet have different functions as they evolve over time to perform different functions.
Serine proteases are basically enzymes which are able to cleave peptide bonds present in proteins. Serine acts as the nucleophilic amino acid at the active site of the enzyme. They are found in both eukaryotes as well as also in prokaryotes.
Most of the proteins utilize similar base structure and this because the linear sequences of amino acids which generate a stable product is rare. Most of the new proteins evolve by using as well as altering old protein structure and therefore serine proteases although have almost similar sequence and yet they are able to perform different functions.
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A ________ epithelium is found in areas likely to be subjected to abrasive activities and mechanical stress.
A stratified epithelium is found in areas likely to be subjected to abrasive activities and mechanical stress.
What is stratified epithelium?Multiple layers of cells make up stratified epithelium, a form of epithelial tissue. Areas of the body that experience a lot of mechanical stress, such the skin, esophagus, and vagina, frequently include this kind of epithelium.
These areas are strengthened and protected by additional layers of cells, which aid in preventing injury and infection. A stratified epithelium's topmost layer of cells is frequently made up of dead cells, which add an additional layer of defense for the tissues beneath.
This epithelium is stratified, which enables it to divide and repair cells quickly, making it ideal for use in body parts that experience regular wear and tear.
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roughly what percent of human protein-coding genes are thought to be alternatively spliced?
Alternative splicing is predicted to occur in around 95% of human protein-coding genes.
What are genes?A gene is a piece of genetic data found in the DNA of an organism. It includes the instructions needed to create a certain protein, which serves a particular purpose in the cell. DNA, which is made up of the four chemical building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, makes up genes.
As a result, the proteome becomes more complex because a single gene can now produce several proteins. Between genes and tissues, alternative splicing varies widely, with some genes producing only a small number of isoforms while others can create dozens. The various functions of proteins in cells and the requirement for many isoforms in various tissues or developmental stages have been used as explanations for the diversity of splicing.
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protein molecules differ from carbohydrate or fat molecules by the linking together of what? group of answer choices amino acids
Proteins are composed of amino acids that differ from one another, unlike carbohydrates, which have the same repeating units.Twenty different types of naturally occurring amino acids are combined in various patterns to create the various proteins.
Amino acids make up the macromolecules known as proteins. Amino acids are frequently referred to as the building blocks of protein for this reason. There are 20 different amino acids, and our bodies need each one in order to create the wide variety of proteins that are found there.
For life to be nourished, renewed, and sustained, proteins are essential. Proteins are the only macronutrients with nitrogen in their fundamental structure in addition to the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that they share with carbohydrates and lipids.
The elements are organized into a certain shape in each amino acid, with a central carbon bonded to the following four substances:
i)hydrogen
ii)nitrogen-containing amino group
iii) carboxylic acid group (hence the name “amino acid”)
iv)side chain
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a. drag the correct nucleotide to the bottom of the left strand, where the dna polymerase is located. what happens?
Thus, the daughter strand is generated in a 5'-3' direction while DNA polymerase travels along the template strand in a 3'-5' direction.
Since the 3' end of the previous nucleotide chain must be extended in order for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis, it can only synthesize in one direction. The mitochondrial polymerase is in charge of replicating the mitochondrial DNA.
The remaining four enzymes are also found in the nucleus, making them potential participants in nuclear DNA replication. It proofreads each newly inserted base, editing the DNA as it goes. Polymerization proceeds once incorrect bases are swapped out for the right ones.
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what discovery did altman and cech make that convinced them that rna was the macromolecule from which evolution of life began?
This RNA shearing as well as splicing requires enzymes, just like all other chemical reactions inside a cell.
Altman and Cech made their startling discovery that the enzymes were nucleic acids rather than proteins while looking again for enzymatic proteins of the these reactions.
Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech of the United States received this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovering that RNA (ribonucleic acid), a molecule of heredity in living cells, can also act as a biocatalyst.
For their discovery that RNA vigorously facilitates chemical reactions in cells, molecular biologist Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech (1947-) were jointly awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Altman and Cech independently identified a new function for RNA.
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a powerful enzyme released by the pancreas to complete the breakdown of starch is known as .
A powerful enzyme released by the pancreas to complete the breakdown of starch is known as Amylase.
Amylase is a type of enzyme, which is a specialized form of protein, that aids in the digestion of carbohydrates. Your pancreas and salivary glands are responsible for producing the vast majority of the amylase found in your body. It is typical for there to be a trace quantity of amylase in both your blood and urine.
The pancreas of practically all different kinds of animals has amylase, although in much higher concentrations. However, it is also found in the salivary glands and the mucosa lining the small intestine of many species. The amount of amylase present in these organs varies greatly from species to species.
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why do your chromosomes come in pairs? group of answer choices because dna is double-stranded, one member of each chromosome pair carries a strand that is complementary to the strand carried by the other chromosome. because cell division via mitosis cannot take place without paired chromosomes. because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father. because so much genetic information must be carried, all organisms - including humans - need twice as much dna in order for it all to fit.
Answer:
Its because humans are diploid
Explanation:
If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of________________.
If biological species are defined in the terms of reproductive compatibility then the formation of a new species depends on reproductive isolation.
Reproductive isolation mechanisms are basically a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors as well as certain physiological processes which are very critical for speciation to take place. They prevent the members of certain different species from producing a offspring, or to ensure that any of the offspring are sterile.
These barriers basically help in maintaining the integrity of a species by reducing the amount of gene flow between related species. The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are genetically controlled and can also appear in species whose geographic distributions overlap or are separate. If biological species are referred to in the terms of reproductive compatibility then the formation of a new species will depend on reproductive isolation.
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which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? group of answer choices phospholipids mrna dna amino acids
mRNA leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane. The membrane or envelope, a double lipid bilayer membrane, surrounds the chromosomes and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear membrane which refer to the type of membrane that lines the nucleus of a cell (or nuclear envelope). The nucleolus and genetic material are inside i.e., chromosomes and DNA. Two layers are formed by the membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum, which is a distinct group of membranes in the cell, is connected to it. The nuclear membrane resembles a significant number of nuclear pores. They are enormous, hollow proteins with a 100 nm-diameter, 40 nm-wide inner channel. They link the internal and external nuclear membranes. To allow the mitosis during cell division, the nuclear membrane discrete.
The complete question is:
Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?
a. phospholipids
b. mRNA
c. DNA
d. amino acids
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If a pollen spore is unable to carry S proteins in its pollen coat; can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar?A. Yes, in all casesB. NoC. Yes, but only through sporophytlc SlD. Yes; but only by gametophytic Sl
If the pollen is too genetically similar, it can still be prevented from germinating by the gametophytic self-incompatibility mechanism. Here option D is the correct answer.
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants, and it is a way of maintaining genetic diversity in the population. In gametophytic self-incompatibility, the SI system is located in the female gametophyte and prevents fertilization by sperm cells from the same plant or from genetically similar plants.
If a pollen spore is unable to carry S (self-incompatibility) proteins in its pollen coat, it can still be prevented from germinating if it is too genetically similar to the female gametophyte through the gametophytic self-incompatibility mechanism. This mechanism works by recognizing and rejecting genetically similar pollen.
The ability of a pollen spore to carry S proteins in its pollen coat is not the only factor in determining whether or not it will be able to fertilize the female gametophyte.
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genetic therapy and engineering . a. have no value for our future b. have been used for many years to prevent genetic diseases c. are simple procedures that most doctors can perform d. are controversial scientific procedures please select the best answer from the choices provided. a b c
The correct answer is B. Have been used for many years to prevent genetic diseases. Genetic therapy and engineering are important branches of modern biotechnology that have the potential.
To change the course of human history. These procedures are used to modify or repair damaged DNA in order to cure or prevent genetic diseases . They have been used for many years to treat genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, muscular therapy dystrophy, and cancer. While they are still considered controversial by some, advancements in this field have led to more effective and precise methods of gene editing, allowing for the potential to cure a wide range of genetic diseases in the future. Genetic therapy these procedures are not simple, and typically require the expertise of trained geneticists and scientists.
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The complete Question is:
Which of the following best describes the value and current use of genetic therapy and engineering?
A. Have no value for our future
B. Have been used for many years to prevent genetic diseases
C. Are simple procedures that most doctors can perform
D. Are controversial scientific procedures
Is RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase complementary to the template strand of the DNA?
True , RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase complementary to the template strand of the DNA.
In general , the RNA chain assembled by the process of transcription the transcript present is stretched at the rate of one nucleotide at one time, and it also contains a nucleotide sequence which is absolutely complementary to the strand of DNA that is used as the template .
Hence, DNA act as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During the process of transcription, a string of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. As a result the part of the transcribed mRNA will be converted into functional proteins.
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products of the inflammatory response. an example of complement proteins. phagocytic cells. pyrogenic cells. coordinators of local defense activities.
The product of the inflammatory response includes responses like fever, pain, inflammation, redness, etc. An example of complementary proteins includes enzymes like proteases.
The immune system's reaction to adverse stimuli like pathogens, damaged cells, poisonous substances, or radiation is inflammation, which has the dual purpose of eliminating harmful stimuli and starting the healing process. Inflammation is characterized at the tissue level by redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of tissue function, fever, etc.
A wide variety of different plasma proteins that make up the complement system interact with one another to opsonize pathogens and trigger a number of inflammatory reactions that aid in the fight against infection. Many complement proteins are proteases, and they are themselves triggered by proteolytic cleavage. These enzymes, known as zymogens, were first discovered in the stomach.
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in an experimental study, a nerver cell was placed into a solution and the resting membrane potential moved from -70 mv to -80 mv. based on this change, what can conclude about this solution?
Based on the change of the resting membrane potential moved from -70 mv to -80 mv, we can conclude about this solution is the inside of the cell is negatively charged.
The resting membrаne potentiаl is the chаrge difference between the inside аnd outside of the cell when the cell is аt rest, meаning there is no electricаl movement аcross the plаsmа membrаne, mаinly dependent on the sodium ([tex]Na^{+}[/tex]) аnd potаssium ([tex]K^{+}[/tex]) ions. Different cell types hаve different resting membrаne potentiаls, which are generаlly between -50 аnd -75mV, meаning thаt the inside of the cell is negаtively chаrged. In neurons, in the inside environment of the cells, [tex]K^{+}[/tex] аnd orgаnic аnions is аt а higher аmount, while there аre more [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] аnd [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] outside the cells.
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the testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body. True/False
True, testes is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.
Seminiferous tubules are a term used to describe the countless little tube structures that make up the testes, the main male reproductive organs. Sperm are created in these tubules, which are bordered by germinal cells that go through spermatogenesis, the process of creating sperm cells. The germinal cells are located in lobules, which are collections of tubules that are grouped into lobules.
The testes have seminiferous tubules as well as a network of ducts that move sperm from the sperm production site to the exterior of the body. The epididymis, which gathers and stores sperm, is one of these ducts.
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Zachariah and Khai collect stamps. Zachariah has 9 American stamps out of 15 stamps. Khai has 13 American stamps out of 20 stamps. Which statement is correct?
Zachariah has a higher ratio of American stamps than Khai because 9 over 15 is greater than 13 over 20.
Khai has a higher ratio of American stamps than Zachariah because 9 over 15 is greater than 13 over 20.
Khai has a higher ratio of American stamps than Zachariah because 9 over 15 is less than 13 over 20.
Zachariah and Khai have the same ratio of American stamps.
The statement that is correct is option C: Khai has a higher ratio of American stamps than Zachariah because 9 over 15 is less than 13 over 20.
What is the statement about?The ratio of American stamps is found by dividing the number of American stamps a person has by the total number of stamps they have. For Zachariah, the ratio of American stamps is 9/15, and for Khai, the ratio is 13/20.
To determine which person has a higher ratio, we compare the two fractions by dividing both numerators (top numbers) by their denominators (bottom numbers) to get a decimal value.
9/15 = 0.6
13/20 = 0.65
Therefore, Since 0.65 is greater than 0.6, we can conclude that Khai has a higher ratio of American stamps compared to Zachariah.
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corticosteroids area) stress hormones.b) sex hormones.c) neurotransmitters that regulate mood.d) neurotransmitters that regulate memory.
Corticosteroids are a) stress hormones.
Corticosteroids are a class of hormones produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys. They are commonly referred to as stress hormones because they are involved in the body's response to stress. Corticosteroids play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, immune system, and stress response.One of the most important corticosteroids is cortisol, which is produced in response to stress and has a wide range of effects on the body. Cortisol helps to regulate blood sugar levels, reduce inflammation, and support the immune system. Cortisol also affects the brain and can affect mood and stress levels.In addition to cortisol, other corticosteroids include corticosterone and aldosterone, both of which play important roles in regulating the body's metabolic processes and fluid balance. Corticosteroids can also affect the body's response to stress, helping to increase the heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in response to a stressor.
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what are the key problems in maintaining a competitive advantage in embryonic and growth industry environment?
The absence of complementary products to maximize are the main obstacles to maintaining a competitive advantage in the embryonic and growth environments.
The first version of a product's poor quality and performance, the customer's lack of familiarity with the product's capabilities, the possibility that distribution channels are underdeveloped, and For instance, a business is likely to have a competitive advantage if it advertises a product at a lower price than a comparable product from a rival.
The same holds true if the marketed product is more expensive but has special characteristics that buyers are ready to pay for. In business, competition reduces a company's market share and the pool of potential customers, particularly if demand is constrained. In order to remain competitive environment, a competitive market may also force price reductions.
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Where are the paired sympathetic trunk ganglia located?
The paired sympathetic trunk ganglia are found in the sympathetic trunks, which are two lengthy chains of ganglia that span from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
Typically, there are 3 cervical, 11 or 12 thoracic, 4 or 5 lumbar, 4 or 5 sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia, and 1 coccygeal ganglion. The right and left coccygeal ganglia are fused together and usually lie at the midline.
Although the sympathetic trunk ganglia extend inferiorly from the neck, chest, and abdomen to the coccyx, they receive preganglionic axons only from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.The stellate ganglion is formed when the first thoracic ganglion and the inferior cervical ganglion unite.
The thoracic sympathetic chain is divided into the following branches: rami communicans (the ganglia have afferent white and efferent gray rami to the corresponding spinal nerves, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers are distributed to various structures through the gray rami)
Postganglionic fibers (the first five ganglia give postganglionic fibers to the heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus); and (the lower eight ganglia mainly give preganglionic fibers that form the splanchnic nerves, which supply the abdominal viscera).
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initial attachment of microorganisms often involves
Initial attachment of microorganisms often involves outer surface appendages and outer membrane adhesion proteins which will contribute to the initial biofilm attachment process.
A biofilm is created by growth of microorganisms and they also synthesize and secrete polymers that help in matrix development and adhesion, which changes the phenotypic of the organisms' growth and gene transcription.
A multivalent protein is the protein association between the adhesin and the extracellular matrix component fibronectin mediates the binding of the outer membrane adhesion factor MAM7 in proteins to host cells. Most of them have cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains and are the typical transmembrane proteins.
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the hormone that helps plants respond to drought is
The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is called abscisic acid (ABA).
ABA is produced in response to water stress and helps plants conserve water by closing the stomata, the tiny pores on the leaves that allow for gas exchange with the atmosphere. By reducing the amount of water lost through transpiration, plants can conserve their water resources and survive in conditions of drought.
In addition to regulating water loss, ABA also plays a role in seed dormancy, germination, and other plant processes. It acts as a signaling molecule, transmitting information about environmental conditions to different parts of the plant and allowing it to respond appropriately.
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