The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary as well as quaternary structures. Primary structure has covalent bonds, secondary has hydrogen bonds, tertiary as well as quaternary structures have non-covalent interactions.
The primary structure consists of covalent peptide bonds which are present between the amino acids. Secondary structure basically consists of hydrogen bonds that occur between backbone carbonyl and the amino groups.
Tertiary structure shows how the beta sheets and alpha helices are able to interact in 3 dimensions. Noncovalent interactions like hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, as well as hydrogen bonds are found in these. Quaternary structure involves the interactions between different polypeptide chains to form a multimeric protein. They have the same type of interactions as in the tertiary structures.
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some species of animals and plants are currently responding to climate change by extending their range into new territories. True or False?
The given statement "that some species of animals and plants are currently responding to climate change by extending their range into new territories" is true because species population change with climate change.
Species of creatures and shops to extend their range into new homes. As temperatures rise, numerous species are suitable to survive in areas that were preliminarily too cold for them.
For example, some species of catcalls are now suitable to resettle further north than they ever could ahead. shops are also responding to climate change by shifting their range. shops used to be confined to specific regions, but now they are suitable to grow in areas that were preliminarily too dry or too cold for them.
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The basal body, hook, and filament are components of _______ in bacteria.
The basal body, the hook, as well as the filament are components of the flagella in the bacteria.
Structurally, the bacterial flagella are long as well as filamentous surface appendages which are about 12 to 30 nm in diameter. The protein subunits that are present in a flagellum are assembled in order to form a cylindrical structure having a hollow core.
A flagellum basically consists of three parts, namely, the long filament, which lies basically external to the cell surface; the hook structure at the end of the filament; and finally there is the basal body. The hook is anchored to the basal body and is the one which imparts motion to the flagellum.
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Reactants called ______ bind to an enzyme's ______ site where a chemical reaction takes place.
Reactants called substrate bind to an enzyme's active site where a chemical reaction takes place.
Substrates are motes that bind to an enzyme's active point where a chemical response takes place. An enzyme's active point is a specific area on its face where a substrate patch can fit and interact with the enzyme. This is the morning of the catalytic cycle, where the enzyme catalyzes the response of the substrate,
Forming a product. As the enzyme is specific to the substrate, the active point is formed in such a way that it can only bind to the substrate it's specific for. The active point is made up of amino acid side chains, which form a fund or crack that the substrate fits into.
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A basic tenet of evolution by natural selection is that species should continually become more fit for their environment. what, then, can account for extinction?
Selection can only work with the genetic variety that is available. A cheetah might be able to sprint faster if it possessed "faster" alleles, but if faster alleles are not present in the population due to mutation or gene flow, evolution in this direction will not occur.
The phrase "survival of the fittest" refers to the process of natural selection, a mechanism that promotes evolutionary development. Natural selection works by favoring individuals who are more adapted to a given set of environmental conditions over those who are not.
Extinction nowadays is mostly caused by habitat loss and degradation (primarily deforestation), overexploitation (hunting, overfishing), invasive species, climate change, and nitrogen pollution.
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question an integrated pest management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following? responses elimination of the use of second generation pesticides elimination of the use of second generation pesticides eradication of the pest population eradication of the pest population reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level use of plant monoculture to simplify spraying
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an integrated pest management approach for pest control.
IPM is a very friendly approach towards pest-control and it does not do any harm to the ecosystem also. In IPM we use more ecofriendly strategies to control pest than using the harmful chemicals.
The goal of IPM is actually reduce the crop damage and uses a variety of methods, including biological control, cultural control, and the use of targeted pesticides. IPM will control the damage unto an economic tolerable level for the crop.
The main drawback of IPM is that it is extremely complex and one should have that high level of understanding as it needs constant monitoring.
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11. explain the experiment conducted by meselson and stahl. how did the results of their experiment demonstrate the semi-conservative model of dna replication was the accurate model?'
Meselson and Stahl verified the correctness of the semi-conservative model by illustrating the DNA replication process using bacteria that were initially cultivated in a medium containing 15 N (a heavy isotpe)
Then moved to a medium containing 14 N (a lighter isotpe), the DNA sample was centrifuged after the first replication, and the second replication was less dense on top and more dense on the bottom, with the original strand still present but the new strand being more prominent as well. The semi-conservative hypothesis was probably preferred by the majority of biologists at the time. Given that the two DNA strands are completely, predictably complementary to one another in the DNA double helix shape, this idea made a lot of sense. It was simple to conceive how each thread may serve as a model for the synthesis of a different spouse given their connection.
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Arthropods are the most numerous animals on Earth. Which of the following traits probably made the smallest contribution to their success?
A. A rigid exoskeleton
B. Color of the exoskeleton
C. Waterproofing by chitin
D. Jointed appendages
E. Specialization of different appendages
Among the different characteristics, color of the exoskeleton is the trait which made the smallest contribution to arthropod's success.
Hence, the correct option is E.
Arthropods are basically invertebrate animals which have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, as well as paired jointed appendages. Arthropods basically form the phylum Arthropoda. They can be distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle which is made of chitin that is often mineralized with calcium carbonate. Chitin performs the function of waterproofing.
The arthropod body is segmented, with each segment having a pair of appendages. Arthropods are also bilaterally symmetrical and their body has an exoskeleton. They are a very diverse group having up to 10 million species. They also possess jointed appendages. All these characteristics allow arthropods to survive.
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1. Christopher states the hypothesis that a mouse's body temperature decreases as the air temperature
around the mouse decreases. He wants to design an experiment to test his hypothesis. What should
the dependent/ outcome variable be in this experiment?
A. The air temperature
B. The mass of the mouse
C. The mouse's body temperature
D. The amount of time for the experiment
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
The dependent variable is the effect and the independent is the cause!!!!
rue or False: Though theoretically possible, in the body neurons rarely generate IPSPs
Though theoretically possible, it's not correct that in the body neurons rarely generate IPSPs.
What are neurons?A neuron is a nerve cell that acts as the core of the nervous system. In many ways, neurons are comparable to other cells in the human body, but there is one significant distinction between neurons and other cells. Neurons are designed to send information throughout the body.
These extremely specialized nerve cells are in charge of transmitting data in both chemical and electrical ways. Several types of neurons in the human body are also responsible for various tasks.
Sense neurons transport signals from sensory receptor cells around the body to the brain. Motor neurons carry information from the brain to the body's muscles. Interneurons are in charge of transferring data between neurons in the body.
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a boundary formed when two plates move past each other
A transform boundary is created when two plates pass one another. The right choice from the available alternatives is option C.
When two tectonic plates of the Earth pass one another, it forms a transform boundary. Localized faults or fissures may form as a result of the two plates interacting with one another as they pass one another. The following is a basic explanation of a transform border, but they are more complicated than that.
Two more boundary types aside from transform boundaries are divergent borders and convergent borders. At convergent boundaries, tectonic plates contact with one another; at divergent boundaries, they separate from one another. A transform boundary is created when two plates pass one another.
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Correct Question:
A boundary formed when two plates move past each other
1. Ocean basin
2. Divergent boundary
3. Transform boundary
4. Convergent boundary
how many atp and nadh molecules are made in glycolysis?
During glycolysis, two net ATP and two NADH are produced for every glucose molecule.
The process of releasing energy from sugars is called glycolysis, which translates to "breaking sugars." A six-carbon sugar called glucose is broken into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate during the process of glycolysis. This multi-step process produces two molecules of free-energy-containing ATP, two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of high-energy, electron-carrying NADH, and two molecules of water.
Oxygen can be present or absent during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the initial phase of cellular respiration when oxygen is present. Through a process of fermentation, glycolysis enables cells to produce minute amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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the immunoassay procedure for serum hcg utilizes antisera against which subunit of hcg? select one: a. alpha b. gamma c. epsilon d. beta
The immunoassay procedure for serum hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) utilizes antisera against the beta subunit of hCG.
hCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy that is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta. The beta subunit is unique to hCG and is therefore used as a specific target for immunoassays designed to detect the hormone.
In the immunoassay procedure, antisera against the beta subunit of hCG is used to bind to hCG in a patient's serum sample. This binding can then be detected through the use of a labeled detection reagent, such as an enzyme or radioactive isotope. The presence of hCG in the sample can then be quantified based on the amount of binding observed.
This immunoassay procedure for serum hCG is commonly used in pregnancy testing and in the monitoring of certain medical conditions, such as trophoblastic tumors, which can overproduce hCG.
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you are going to use a mammal model to test a hypothesis on metabolism in your lab section. group of answer choices true false
False: you are going to use a mammal model to test a hypothesis on metabolism in your lab section.
The organs of mammals, including humans, perform a variety of physiological tasks in a highly integrated and regulated manner. Relationships involve an intricate web of hormones, circulating substances, cells, and cell-cell communication in every compartment. Biologists investigate creatures at many scales, including molecules, cells, organs, and physiological processes, whether they are healthy or ill.
In addition to being a common topic of discussion in our cultures, the use of animals for scientific purposes is a long-standing practice in biological study and medicine. Because of the striking anatomical and physiological similarities between humans and other animals, especially mammals, researchers have looked into a variety of causes and evaluated novel treatments in animal models before using what they have learned in humans. This is why we don't use mammals.
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where does the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate take place at?
Answer: Active Site
Explanation:
To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. These molecules are the enzyme's substrates.
In some reactions, one substrate is broken down into multiple products. In others, two substrates come together to create one larger molecule or to swap pieces. In fact, whatever type of biological reaction you can think of, there is probably an enzyme to speed it up!
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site (since that’s where the catalytic “action” happens).
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why carnivorous and parasitic plants are most common in nutrient-poor habitats? why carnivorous and parasitic plants are most common in nutrient-poor habitats? if nutrients in soil are scarce, there is intense natural selection favoring alternative ways of obtaining nutrients. if nutrients in soil are scarce, there is passive natural selection favoring plants synthesizing sugars by alternative ways. if nutrients in soil are scarce, there is intense natural selection favoring alternative ways of nitrogen gaining. if nutrients in soil are scarce, there is passive natural selection favoring plants that shows wide phenotypic plasticity.
Carnivorous and parasitic plants are most common in nutrient-poor habitats as the nutrients in the soil are scarce, and there is intense natural selection favoring alternative ways of obtaining nutrients.
What are carnivorous and parasitic plants?Carnivorous plants are typically flowering vascular plants (angiosperms) that can undertake photosynthesis and obtain mineral nutrition through their roots. This plant has evolved the ability to trap and digest numerous types and sizes of insects over time. Though carnivorous plants have evolved a variety of "traps," the circumstances that led to this type of adaptation are almost the same in nearly every case.
Pitcher plants are classified into two families: the old-world Nepenthaceae and the new-world Sarraceniaceae. The old-world species grow mostly on trees and produce a very basic pitcher, whereas the new-world species grow from underground rhizomes and produce a more elaborate pitcher from a whole leaf.
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Is 5.0% salt solution hypertonic or hypotonic?
Answer:
hypertonic
Explanation:
is a man runs 100m in 8 seconds. what is his average speed?
Answer:
12.5 m/s
Explanation:
To find the average speed of a runner, you need to divide the total distance traveled by the time it took to travel that distance. In this case, the runner covered a distance of 100 meters in 8 seconds, so the average speed can be calculated as follows:
Speed = Distance / Time
Speed = 100 meters / 8 seconds
Speed = 12.5 meters per second
So the runner's average speed is 12.5 meters per second, or equivalently, 45 km/h.
Answer:
12.5m/s
Explanation:
average speed=total distance/total time takenaverage speed=100/8the genetic ratio 2:1 may indicate: (check all that apply) select one or more: a. complete dominance. b. codominance. c. epistasis. d. recessive lethal.
The genetic ratio 2:1 may indicate complete dominance. This ratio occurs when one gene is dominant over another, meaning that the dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele.
The genetic ratio 2:1 is commonly used to describe the proportion of different genotypes in a population or in the offspring of a cross between two individuals. In a simple case of complete dominance, an individual that is heterozygous for a dominant allele (Aa) and a recessive allele (aa) will express only the dominant phenotype. When the heterozygous individual produces gametes, the offspring will have a 1:1 genetic ratio of dominant to recessive alleles. When these offspring mate with each other, the genetic ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the next generation will be 2:1. In other words, two individuals expressing the dominant phenotype and one individual expressing the recessive phenotype. This ratio is used to describe the phenotypic outcome of a cross and is a hallmark of complete dominance.
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mammals without receptor cells called cones tend to: group of answer choices be cold-blooded live near the equator none of these be blind be nocturnal (active mainly at night)
Option B, Mammals without cones tend to be nocturnal (active mainly at night).
Cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for detecting color and visual detail. They are especially important for vision in bright light and during the day. In contrast, rods are another type of photoreceptor cell that are more sensitive to low light levels and are more important for vision at night. Mammals without cones tend to be nocturnal because they lack the photoreceptor cells that are important for vision in bright light and during the day. Instead, they rely on their rods for vision at night, when they are active. Some examples of nocturnal mammals without cones include bats, shrews, and some species of rodents. Being nocturnal provides these mammals with several advantages, such as avoiding predators and competing for resources, and it also allows them to be more active during the cooler, darker hours of the night.
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The Complete Question is:
Mammals without cones tend to
A) be blind.
B) be nocturnal (active mainly at night).
C) eat lots of carrots.
D) be totally blind during the night.
E) live near the equator.
the animals in the puzzle look very different, but they all have one thing in common. what trait is that?
These animals show Bilateral symmetry.
What is Bilateral symmetry in Animals?Objects that are symmetrical are referred regarded as having symmetry.
"An image or object that may be divided by a line into right and left parts that are almost mirror images" is the definition of bilateral symmetry.
An animal is said to have bilateral symmetry if its body plan corresponds to this criterion. Animals often exhibit bilateral symmetry, which includes traits like a head, tail, top and bottom fins, and distinct right and left sides.
Bilateral Symmetry Examples in Animals:
Mammals - Human, Cat, Horse, Monkey, Giraffee, Elephant
Reptiles : Snake, Iguana, Bearded Dragon
Amphibians : Frog, Toad, Salamander
Arthropods : Grasshopper, Lobster, Spider
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when an allele is the only variant in the population it is said to be...
A fixed allele is an allele that is the only variant that exists for that gene in all the population. A fixed allele is homozygous for all members of the population.
Leading textbooks on genetics and evolution describe an allele as a variant of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same point on a long DNA molecule (modern construction from Greek állos, lit. "other").
"A locus (plural: loci) is the term for the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element, and an allele is an alternate DNA sequence at a locus."
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most basic types of alleles, but they can also be insertions and deletions with lengths of up to thousands of base pairs.
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when blood flow is restricted, what organs of the body are affected?
When blood flow is restricted, various organs of the body can be affected, depending on the location and severity of the restriction.
Some of the most common organs that can be impacted include:
Heart: When blood flow to the heart is restricted, this can lead to angina (chest pain) or a heart attack.Brain: When blood flow to the brain is restricted, this can cause a stroke, which can lead to brain damage, paralysis, or death.Kidneys: When blood flow to the kidneys is restricted, this can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure or other kidney problems.Lungs: When blood flow to the lungs is restricted, this can cause shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.Legs and feet: When blood flow to the legs and feet is restricted, this can cause pain, swelling, and the development of open sores or ulcers.Arms and hands: When blood flow to the arms and hands is restricted, this can cause pain, numbness, and muscle weakness.It is important for people to work with their healthcare provider to identify and manage conditions that can restrict blood flow, such as atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and diabetes, to minimize the risk of organ damage.
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3. the most common feedback system in the body is (positive?, negative?) why do you think this advantageous?
Because negative feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by reducing any stimulus that modifies the body's set points, they are more prevalent in the body than positive feedback.
The regulation of body temperature at about 98.6 degrees F is an illustration of negative feedback. A biological phenomenon known as a feedback loop occurs when a system's output either amplifies the system (positive feedback) or suppresses the system (negative feedback).
The ability of feedback loops to help living things maintain homeostasis makes them crucial. A stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector comprise a negative feedback loop that typically keeps homeostasis in check. Negative feedback works to tame an overreaction and maintain a variable's typical range. Body temperature is controlled by negative feedback loops.
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Correct Question:
What is more common in the body negative or positive feedback?
chyme passes through the blank that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.
Chyme passes through the Ileocecal Valve, a sphincter that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.
The semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that is passed from a person's or an animal's stomach into the duodenum through the pyloric valve is known as chyme or chymus (the beginning of the small intestine).
Chyme, which is made up of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and other digestive enzymes, is produced as a result of the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus. Chyme moves gradually through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where nutritional extraction starts. The time it takes for the stomach to convert food into chyme will vary depending on the size and composition of the meal.
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Complete Question
Chyme passes through the _____, a sphincter that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.
which part of the microscope is needed to be adjusted to have better contrast when viewing a specimen under the microscope?
Silverswords had no tree and shrub competitors prior to recent human ecological disturbance to the Hawaiian Islands. Descended from a tarweed ancestor that evolved in an environment with many tree and shrub species, its arrival on the islands represented a(n) _______because of a(n)_______.
Silverswords which had no tree and shrub competitors before the recent human ecological disturbance to the Hawaiian Islands. Descended from a tarweed ancestor which basically evolved in an environment with a number of tree and shrub species, its arrival on the islands represented a evolutionary radiation because of a variety of open ecological niches.
An evolutionary radiation is basically defined as an increase in the taxonomic diversity which is caused by the elevated rates of the speciation, which may or may not be associated with an increase in the morphological disparity.
Since, the silverswords had no shrub or tree competitors before the human disturbance in the islands, the arrivals of tarweed ancestors on the island showed evolutionary radiation because of availability of a variety of open niches.
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e) what organism served as your outgroup? why? what function does the outgroup serve [note that simply copying the information given in these instructions will not be sufficient answer]?
Outgroup is basically the relatives of animals.
How can we decide an organisms as an outgroup?In most of the cases the animals are in the ingroup but relatives of animals are mainly the outgroup here. Basically, outgroup of organism is very distantly related organism in a cladogram. A cladogram is basically a diagram. This diagram is based on the relationship between species. This diagram looks like a tree which is mainly connected to the common ancestry. This outgroup can serve as the reference point. This can be concluded that the outgroup organisms has a common ancestor with the organisms of ingroup but the the common ancestor is much older than the common ancestor of ingroup.
So, the relatives of organisms are known as outgroup of organisms.
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which of the following muscles are not innervated by the facial nerve? group of answer choices temporalis stylohyoid orbicularis occuli mentalis
The muscle that is NOT innervated by the facial nerve is the temporalis muscle. the temporalis muscle does not innervate the facial muscles, it only represents branch control.
The right portion of the facial nerve innervates all the facial muscles. The main muscles are the frontalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, posterior belly of the digastric, buccinator, platysma, and stapedius muscles.
The facial nerve supplies 14 of the 17 facial muscle groups it's paired with. The three muscles innervated on its lateral surface or edge are the buccinator, levator anguli oris, and mentalis muscles. There are often connections between the buccal and zygomatic branches.
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Pastoral nomadism is most commonly found in which climate region? A) humid low-latitude. B) dry. C) warm mid-latitude. D) cold mid-latitude. E) pola
Because the environment is too hot for subsistence, most pastoral nomads live in arid locations like the Mid East and Northern Africa.
Describe some cases of pastoralism.Animal husbandry, often referred as pastoralism, is the sector of agriculture that deal with domesticated animals including sheep, horses, chickens, yaks, camels, and cattle. They not only are excellent providers of meat that is high in protein, but many of them also offer milk, eggs, fur, and fiber.
What are the benefits of pastoral nomadism?Contrary to what the relatively low number of nomads might suggest, nomadic pastoralism performs a far larger role in many nations. Meat, skins, wool, and milk are valuable products that nomads generate. Ancient pastoralism makes use of grassland for financial gain.
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the dynamical systems theory indicates that skilled action is controlled by the nervous system constraining functionally specific collectives of muscles and joints, which are known as
Muscle synergies are basic elemental actions that are composed of multiple muscle contractions and joint movements.
What are muscle synergies?.Muscle synergies refer to the coordinated activation of multiple muscles and joints in order to produce a particular movement. This coordination is typically achieved through the nervous system, which can influence the timing and intensity of muscle activation also they are thought to enable the production of smooth and efficient movements, as well as providing a level of redundancy in order to reduce the complexity of motor control.
Examples of muscle synergies include the action of the shoulder muscles in order to produce shoulder flexion, the coordinated activity of the hip muscles and core muscles to produce walking, and the synergistic motion of the elbow and shoulder muscles in order to perform a throwing motion.
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