The ancestors of modern _________ performed the oxygenic photosynthesis responsible for converting our anoxic planet to an oxygenated one.

MCQs as follows-

chlorophyll is the light-absorbing green coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis, and Chloroplast is a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis and generates ATP for the use of plants.

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Answer:

Explanation:

intermolecular forces mediated by hydrogen bonding are disrupted when ice melts.

CCAUCG  is the nucleotide sequence of an mrna strand that has been transcribed from the DNA sequence ggtagc.

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Convincing evidence that entropy increased when the wall was removed, when the distribution of ball speeds evened out, and there was no longer a significant difference in distributions between the two boxes.

Entropy is just a measure of disorder and affects all aspects of our daily lives. If you add more energy by heating the gas, the amount of various possibilities for arranging the energy over the molecules increases.

For example, when a hot object is placed up-to-date with a chilly object, heat flows from the warmer one to the Entropy, never spontaneously from colder to hotter. If heat were to go away from the colder object and pass to the warmer one, energy could still be conserved.

The Second Law indicates that thermodynamic processes, i.e., processes that involve the transfer or conversion of warmth energy, are irreversible because all of them lead to a rise in entropy. Entropy measures what quantity thermal energy or heat per temperature.

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The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na⁺ and Ca²⁺      influx       and decreasing K⁺

    efflux      .

The autorythmic cells are concentrated in many areas such as:

Sinoatrial (SA) node which is located in the upper wall of the right atrium (auricle). It initiates the cardiac cycle by generating an action potential spreading throughout both atrium via gap junctions of the cardiac muscle fibers.

These autorhythmic cells have unique ability to depolarize spontaneously, which results in a pacemaker potential.  Channels of cardiac autorhythmic cells are responsible for the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction.

Autorhythmic cells begin depolarizing due to a slow continuous influx of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, and a reduced efflux of K⁺.

Several protein channels are embedded in the plasma membrane of an autorhythmic cell that allows ions to move in and out of the cell. These are important for generating action potential.

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The given number is can be written in standard form as 1 times 10 to power negative 10 ( 1 x 10⁻¹⁰).

A standard form is a form of writing a given mathematical concept like an equation, number, or an expression in a form that follows certain rules.

The given number =  1.0 x 10^-10

The given figures can be written in standard form as follows;

1.0 x 10^-10 = 1 x 10⁻¹⁰

Thus, the given number is can be written in standard form as 1 times 10 to power negative 10 ( 1 x 10⁻¹⁰).

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the acronym PASS involves  the steps needed for the operation of the fire extinguisher which are Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep.

P- Pull the pin, this step will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.

A- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, If aim at the flames, which is most frequently the temptation, the agent in the extinguisher will fly right through and will do no good,  You had to hit the fuel.

S- Squeeze the lever slowly, In this step depresses the button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

S- Sweep the spray from side to side over the fire,  Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then move forward to the reduced flame, until the fire is completely out, but keep an eye,  on the area it may re-ignites.  

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Answer:

1. 104000m

2. 160mm

3. 5600000 mg

An atom of zirconium which has a mass number of 96 has 37 electrons in it.

Atomic number 40 and the letter Zr are used to identify the chemical element zirconium. Zircon is the name of the mineral from which zirconium gets its name. The name has a connection to the most significant source of zirconium, the Persian word zargun (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "like gold").

This transition metal closely resembles titanium and, to a lesser extent, hafnium. It is glossy, grey-white, and strong. Although it is used sparingly as an alloying agent due to its high corrosion resistance, zirconium is mostly utilised as a refractory and an opacifier.

Inorganic and organometallic compounds like zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride are both formed by zirconium. There are five stable isotopes that are found in nature. The biological function of zirconium compounds is unknown.

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OCFCs were found in the atmosphere at high levels.

Ozone absorbs the maximum of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. faraway sensing is the technology of obtaining statistics about gadgets or regions from a distance, usually from aircraft or satellites. A Lidar mild Detection and the ranging image were created with data accrued by NOAA's country-wide Geodetic Survey. In 1985 Jonathan Shanklin turned into a junior researcher at BAS while he determined a hole in the invisible defense that protects us from solar radiation.

The ozone layer, which lies high within the ecosystem, shields us from harmful ultraviolet UV rays that come from the sun. Human activities successfully punched a hollow in it, through the use of gases like chlorofluorocarbons CFCs in spray cans and refrigerants, which wreck down ozone molecules in the top environment. Depletion of the ozone layer has outcomes on humans, animals, and plant life. This is typically a consequence of higher UV degrees achieving us on earth. The chlorofluorocarbons act like ultraviolet radiation inflicting a big amount of ozone to be produced.

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CL2 is the oxidizing agent and Ba is the reducing agent for :

                                        ba (s) cl2 (g) --> bacl2 (s)

Oxidation agents are those which oxidize another substance by taking up their electrons. The other substance gets oxidized and loses electrons. The oxidation agents themselves go through reduction.

The tendency of oxidizing agents to accept electrons is due to their high oxidation states. Halogen is an example of an oxidizing agent.

Reducing agents on the other hand reduces the other substance by giving them electrons. they themselves go through oxidation. Hydrogen is an example of a reducing agent.

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Answer:

Fusion.

Explanation: fusion is a nuclear reaction in which smaller atoms fuse together to form heavier elements. This describes the fusion of hydrogen into helium.

The mass of fuel has the airplane taken on is 201145g.

Use the formula [tex]mass = density \times volume[/tex]. And since we are given the value of density, we just substitute it to the formula since the density of a compound is constant at a given temperature. So we have:

mass = [tex]0.821 \dfrac{g}{mL}\times(245 L\times\dfrac{1000mL}{1L}) =201145g[/tex]

Density is the dimension of how tightly a cloth is packed together. It is defined as the mass per unit volume. Density Symbol: D or ρ Density Formula: ρ = m/V, where ρ is the density, m is the mass of the object and V is the volume of the object.

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The houses of compounds are one-of-a-kind and in a few instances very one-of-a-kind, from the ones of the factors that compose them. This is because Elements combine compounds to grow to be absolutely one-of-a-kind materials with specific houses.

Elements combine may be chemically blended into compounds, therefore, a compound includes extra factors blended, in exact proportions, with the aid of using chemical means. Compounds can be shaped with the aid of using combining atoms in their constituent factors with the aid of using ionic bonds or with the aid of using covalent bonds.

An Elements compound is a completely unique substance that paperwork while or extra factors integrate chemically. A compound usually includes the identical factors withinside the identical ratio. If the identical factors integrate into one-of-a-kind ratios, they shape one-of-a-kind compounds. Types of compounds encompass covalent and ionic compounds.

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Explanation:

Oxygen has atomic number eight. This means that the nuclei of all oxygen atoms have eight protons. A neutral oxygen atom will also have eight electrons.

In an oxygen ion with a

2

−

charge, the number of protons is still 8, but the number of electrons is 10.

This results in the oxygen ion having an octet (8) of valence electrons.

It expected to assume tetrahedral in shape.

Tetrahedral molecules are those in which the central atom has four bonds and no lone pairs. The atoms bonded to the central atom are located at the four corners of a tetrahedron, and there are 109.5° angles between them.

A common example of a tetrahedral structure is methane, which contains four hydrogen atoms around the carbon atom. The nitrogen atom at the centre of the ammonium ion is surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.

The carbon atoms are organised tetrahedrally in a diamond. With a C-C-C bond angle of 109.5 degrees, each carbon atom is joined to four more carbon atoms at a distance of 1.544 x 10⁻¹⁰metres. It produces an endless network of atoms and has a robust, hard three-dimensional structure.

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The molecule of the sort ML₄ consists of four single bonds and no lone pairs.The structure is it expected to assume is  tetrahedral

What is meant by tetrahedral structure?

Tetrahedral may be a molecular shape that occurs when there are four bonds and no lone pairs in the molecule's central atom. The atoms bonded to the central atom are located at the four corners of a tetrahedron, with 109.5° angles between them.

What is a Molecule?

A molecule may be a particle made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together; the number of atomic nuclei making up a molecule is a determinate number. for instance , HCl(g) may be a molecule made of one hydrogen atom bonded to one chlorine atom.

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Answer:

a neurotransmitter

Explanation:

One molecule of nabh4 will reduce only two molecules of m-acetylbenzaldehyde to form the corresponding product because there are only two functional groups that can react with NaBH4, namely the ketone and the aldehyde, but NaBH4 had four H present to protonate the molecule.

What is protonation?

An atom, molecule, or ion can be protonated by adding a proton to it. The difference between protonation and hydrogenation is that during protonation, the protonated species' charge changes, whereas it remains unchanged during hydrogenation. Numerous catalytic processes result in protonation.

A conjugate acid is created when a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+), is added to an atom, molecule, or ion. Deprotonation is the analogous process that occurs when a proton is taken out of a Bronsted-Lowry acid.

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The percent yield of reaction of tungsten (vi) oxide with excess hydrogen gas to produce metallic tungsten and 9.60 mL of water is 101.25%

The balanced chemical equation of reaction is -

          WO₃ + 3H₂ → W + 3H₂O

Given :

Mass of WO₃ = 43.9 g

Molar mass of WO₃ = 231.8 g/mol

Molar mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol

So,

Number of moles of WO₃ = Given mass

                                              Molar mass

                moles of WO₃ = 43.9 g         = 0.18 mol

                                           231.8 g/mol

Now, to calculate number of moles of H₂O, we use the balanced equation. From the equation,

1 mole of WO₃ reacts to give 3 moles of H₂O

So, 0.18 mole of WO₃ reacts to give 3 x 0.18 = 0.54 moles of H₂O

To calculate mass of H₂O,

Mass of H₂O = Moles x molar mass

                     = 0.54 mol x 18 g/mol

                     = 9.72 g

Therefore, the theoretical yield is = 9.72g

For actual yield,

 Actual mass = density x volume                             (density =mass/volume)

                       = 1.00 g/mL x 9.60 mL

                       = 9.6 g

Therefore, the actual yield is 9.6 g

Now, for percent yield of reaction,

        % yield =     actual yield     x 100

                         theoretical yield

                      = 9.72 x 100

                           9.6

                      = 101.25 %

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In calcium nitrate 0.502 mol are present no of moles of calcium ions Calcium ions=0.502 mol, nitrate ions= 1.004 mol, oxygen atoms =3.012 mol

Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 = 0.502 mol

The required equation for the given question is below:

Ca(NO3)2 → 2N03- + Ca2+

Here two ion are present

2 nitrate ions per mole of Ca(NO3)2

1 calcium ion per mole of Ca(NO3)2

6 oxygen atoms per mole of Ca(NO3)2

Calcium ions therefore equal 0.502 mol,

Nitrate ions equal 2 x 0.502 mol = 1.004 mol

Oxygen atoms equal 6 x 0.502 mol = 3.012 mol

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When drawing conclusions from the data in a scientific claim , the person making the claim should be trained in that field in which he or she is making claim.

Claim made by scientists in there research or theory is known as Scientific claim. It is based generally on evidences and systematic observation . These claims should be supported by proofs and pre existing theories so that this can be relied on.

But every scientific claim is not true and thus is non reliable because of faults and flaws made during the experiment  and investigation .

Therefore to make a claim reliable , the person making the claim should have abundance knowledge of it and have done sufficient background search of the topic on which he or she is making the claim. Also he or she should be trained in the field in which they are making the claim then only the claim can be trusted and the theories and conclusion can be made out of it.

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In 1904, J.J. Thomson published the Thomson model of the atom. The plum pudding model is often referred to as Thomson's model.

In 1897, he also made the electron discovery. Scientists Rutherford and Bohr subsequently refuted this theory. According to J.J. Thomson, an atom is a positively charged sphere with embedded negatively charged electrons.

Neils Bohr disproved it by demonstrating that any atom's mass is centred in its positively charged centre, while negatively charged electrons orbit the positive centre. In highly quantized energy levels, according to Bohr's theory, electrons orbit an atom's nucleus rather than being incorporated into it.

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It is False that risk is defined as an inherent chemical or physical characteristic.

Risk is the probability that a person if exposed to a hazard will experience( or get harmed)  an adverse health effect, it also goes with situations with equipment of property loss or harmful effects on the environment.Many factors influence the degree of risk such as the nature of exposure, the severity of the effect,  how the person is been exposed, and so on.

Whereas the hazard word has a confusing definition, it refers to a physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing damage to property, people, or the environment. Most of the time hazard gets combined with the word Risk.

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The frequency of a photon with a wavelength of 360 nm frequency of a photon is 8.33 × 10¹⁴ s⁻¹.

Given,

The wavelength of photon = 360 nm or 3.60 × 10⁻⁷

three × 10⁸ m/s is the speed of mild.

We need to discover the frequency of a given photon.

The frequency of a photon is described as the wide variety of waves that pass via a set point in a unit of time.

therefore, f = c/λ

where f is the frequency, c is the velocity of light, and λ is the wavelength of the photon.

f = 3 × 10⁸/ 3.60 × 10⁻⁷

Or, f = 0.8333 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹

Or, f = 8.33 × 10¹⁴ s⁻¹

Hence, the frequency of the photon is 8.33 × 10¹⁴ s⁻¹.

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It is a good idea to put input values and output values into separate sheets when solving a complex problem if it improves readability and usability. this statement is false.

The definition of a problem is something that needs to be resolved or an unpleasant or undesirable condition that needs to be corrected. An example problem is an algebraic equation. An example problem is when it's raining and you don't have an umbrella.

The most common meaning is a diplomatic alternative to "problem". The word "problem" can be too negative, especially in the world of politics and business. It focuses on the bad side of things and suggests that someone made a mistake. The main difference between a task and a problem is that a task is a difficult task that a person wishes to complete, whereas a problem is difficult to manage, understand, and impedes an individual's progress.

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Dilute 500 ml of 0.5 m kcl to a final volume of 3.5l resulting molarity is 0.1428

Molarity is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution. molarity is also defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. molarity is calculated as M = no of moles of solute/volume of solution in liter

here, kcl is diluted as 0.5m and final volume is 3.5l so,

M = 0.5/3.5 = 0.1428

So molarity is 0.1428

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A gram of fat stores more energy than a gram of starch due to more C-H bonds  within fat molecules relative to starch molecules.

The energy released/stored by nutrients is known as calorific value.

The calorific value of a  substance is expressed in kilo calories(kcal).

1 kcal is defined the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 °C.

The physiological calorific value of fats and carbohydrates is 9.0 kcal/g and 4.0 kcal/g respectively.

As it is evident from these values that the energy stored per gram of fat is more than the energy stored per gram of starch.

Now, the reason behind this difference in energies between these two molecules is due to the different number of C-H bonds present in them, as is evident from the adjoining images.

Therefore, A gram of fat stores more energy than a gram of starch due to more C-H bonds within fat molecules relative to starch molecules.

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The rms speed of the molecule is 200 m/s at a temperature of 300K. Then, the mass of the individual molecule is 3.11 ×10⁻²⁵ Kg.

Given,

The rms speed of the molecule (Vrms) = 200 m/s

The temperature of the molecule (T) = 300K

We have to find the mass (M) of individual molecules.

The expression for root mean square speed measures the speed of particles in a gas is given by:-

Vrms = √3KT/M

By squaring both sides we get,

(Vrms)² = 3KT/M

(200)² = 3 × 1.33 × 10 ⁻²³ × 300 / M

Or, M = 3.105 × 10⁻²⁵ Kg

Hence, the mass of the individual molecule is 3.105 × 10⁻²⁵ Kg.

The root mean square (R.M.S) speed V of the molecules of an ideal gas is given by the expression, v=sqrt(3RTM) and v=sqrt(3KTm) where R is universal gas constant, T is the absolute (Kelvin) temperature, m is the molar mass, K is Boltzmann's constant and M is the molecular mass.

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Mass of nitrogen in the second sample = 70 g.

Simply said, (14.01 + 14.01) = 28.02 amu is the mass of the nitrogen molecule, or N2. This is referred to as the molecular mass, which is just the total atomic masses of all the atoms that make up a certain molecule.

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