Darwin saw raised beaches and evolution observed marine fossils, such as oyster shells, high above sea level on mountains in South America. This convinced him that the Earth's surface had been raised
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was based on his observations and experiences during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He saw evidence of different species in different regions, some extinct species, and observed how species change and oyster shells adapt to their environment. The fossilized oyster shells he found over two miles above sea level convinced him that the area was once a shallow ocean, and the uplift of the land caused the shells to be in their current location. Darwin provided evidence for his theory of evolution by natural selection, as it showed that species can change over time as a result of their environment.
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Imagine You created toxin such that binds to the sodium-potassium toxin binds immediately to the sodium-potassium pump: The pump at the potential but does not alter the peak of the action function of sodium and potassium channels: Which of the processes would the toxin prohibit in the neuron? Select all that apply: a. the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential
b. maintaining resting potentlal c. the depolarization phase of an action potential d. returning to resting potential after the potcntal hynerpolarization phase of an action
When the sodium potassium pump is blocked, the cell gradually absorbs sodium while excreting potassium. Both the potassium and sodium equilibrium potentials are affected by these changes in concentration.
What occurs if the sodium-potassium pump breaks down?The intracellular deposition of sodium ions and the extracellular deposition of potassium ions that arise from the sodium-potassium pump failing will disrupt cellular osmolarity and alter membrane potential.
Which of the following are Na+/K+-ATPase pumps?Cells' outer plasma membrane has an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase called the Na+/K+ pump. The Na+/K+-ATPase moves two potassium ions into and three sodium ions out of cells.
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The electron microscope image below utilizes contrasting colors to highlight specific structures. The image is from an animal cell with ribosomes identified in red and the membranes of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum highlighted in orange. Which single choice below would be an appropriate analogy to represent the role of these two cell structures?
A
The rough ER would be a protein factory in which the ribosomes are the protein assembly workers
B
The rough ER would be a dictionary with the ribosomes being the definitions
C
The rough ER would be the powerplant with the ribosomes being consumed as a fuel
D
The rough ER would be similar to a pool and the ribosomes would be similar to a bucket used to distribute water
The appropriate analogy for represent the role of two cell structure is "the rough ER would be a protein factory in which the ribosomes are the protein assembly workers", option A.
What is the role of a ribosome?Ribosomes are cellular structures that play a crucial role in protein synthesis. They are the site of translation, the process by which genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize a chain of amino acids to form a protein.
The ribosome reads the mRNA codons, each of which encodes for a specific amino acid, and links the amino acids together in the correct order to form a protein. This protein can then perform various functions in the cell, including serving as an enzyme, structural component, or messenger molecule.
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a friend in your biology study group claims that eggs in mosses are fertilized by spores. what is wrong with that statement?
The statement is incorrect; mosses do not lay eggs in order to reproduce. Mosses cannot be fertilized by spores because they do not generate eggs.
Small, non-vascular plants called mosses often flourish in wet, shaded environments. By dispersing spores, which are created in an organ known as the sporangium, they proliferate. The spores germinate when they touch down in a favorable environment, creating a gametophyte that generates both sperm and egg cells. A new individual moss plant is created by the sperm and egg cells fusing together. A stage in a plant's life cycle during which gametes are produced is called a gametophyte. It belongs to the plant life cycle's haploid generation and normally consists of a single cell or a body with many cells.
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in fruit flies, the para mutation causes a change in a sodium channel necessary for conducting nerve signals. mutant flies have normal movement at 22oc but become immediately paralyzed at 29oc. the paralysis is reversed when the temperature returns to 22oc. the para mutation is most likely due to a .
The para mutation is most likely due to a temperature-sensitive allele.
А temperаture-sensitive mutаtion, pаrа(ts), in Drosophilа melаnogаster cаuses аn immediаte, but reversible, pаrаlysis of аdult flies when they аre shifted from 22 degrees C to 29 degrees C. From 22 degrees C to 25 degrees C, pаrа(ts) flies were wild type in wаlking, climbing, аnd flying аbility. Аt 1-degree intervаls аbove 25 degrees C, pаrа(ts) flies becаme increаsingly debilitаted; аt 29 degrees C, complete pаrаlysis occurred.
Аfter flies were mаintаined for prolonged intervаls аt 29 degrees C, some аctivity could be recovered аt thаt temperаture. Studies of the behаvior of mosаics аt 29 degrees C reveаled а requirement of the (+) аllele in the heаd for mobility, аnd а thorаcic component for proper leg movement. Normаl electroretinogrаms were obtаined аt both 22 degrees C аnd 30 degrees C. The results suggest а temperаture-sensitive defect in the nervous system.
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The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a (a) population. (b). species. (c). genus. (d). phylum.
As a result, species are considered to be the largest unit wherein gene flow is most likely to take place.
The motion of genes into and out of a population is referred to as gene flow. Such movement may result from the movement of gametes or from the migration of specific organisms that reproduce in their new populations (e.g., as a consequence of pollen transfer among plants). A pathogen with high gene flow has a larger population and geographic distribution of its genetic material. As a result, pathogens with high levels of gene flow typically have more genetic diversity than those with low levels of gene flow. The genetic unit known as a gene is created chemically by DNA. Whereas a population is a group of people that are all alike.
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Alleles of a gene are typically located at the same on homologous chromosomes.a. Trueb. False
TRUE. A trait is governed by alleles that reside at the same locus or location on homologous chromosomes. However, given their differences, their actions might cause different manifestations of that trait.
The two chromosomes that make up a pair are typically inherited from the mother and the father. As an illustration, a cell's two copies of chromosome 1 are referred to as homologous chromosomes. The genes on each chromosome of a homologous pair are the same and are arranged in the same order, but there may be differences between them that give rise to different alleles. Different variations in these alleles may or may not have functional effects.
Homologous chromosomes line up and recombination takes place between them during meiosis. As a result, gametes produced from those individuals have distinct allele combinations on each chromosome.
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which part of the body is located in the throat and guards the trachea entrance to prevent fluid and food from entering it when a person swallows?
The epiglottis is usually upright at rest allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs. When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs.
The leaf-shaped epiglottis of the throat prevents food and liquids from entering the lungs and trachea. It stays open while breathing, allowing air to enter the larynx. To prevent food from being aspirated into the lungs, it closes after swallowing, forcing any liquids or food to pass down the oesophagus and toward the stomach. As a result, depending on the circumstance, the valve guides passage to either the oesophagus or the trachea.
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describe the functional role of sodium ion channels. how do these channels differ from carrier proteins and active transport pumps?
Sodium ion channels are integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in controlling the flow of sodium ions (Na+) across cell membranes. They are responsible for generating and transmitting electrical signals in nerve and muscle cells
Sodium channels are selective, meaning they only allow the passage of sodium ions and not other ions.
Carrier proteins and active transport pumps, on the other hand, are responsible for the transport of ions and molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. Carrier proteins facilitate the passive transport of ions and molecules through a conformational change, while active transport pumps use energy in the form of ATP to move ions and molecules across the membrane.
In summary, sodium ion channels, carrier proteins, and active transport pumps all play different roles in the transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes. Sodium ion channels are responsible for the flow of sodium ions and electrical signaling, carrier proteins facilitate passive transport, and active transport pumps use energy to move ions and molecules against their concentration gradient.
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If a DNA sample were composed of 20% guanine, what would be the percentage of cytosine? (A) 40 DNA B) 30 C) 60 D) 20 \
Answer:
Basic background info:
- DNA has four bases
- Guanine pairs with Cytosine and Adenine pairs with Thyamin
Now, because G had to pair with C, it makes sense for them to be present in equal amounts right? I cant have 40% G and 10% C because where will rest 30% of the G go?
so, if DNA has 20% guanine, then it also has 20% of cytosine
n an sds-page gel, which protein would migrate to the positive end of the gel most quickly? 50kd 15kd 35kd 25kd
Protein b)15kd will move faster as SDS- PAGE separate species on the basis of their molecular weight.So,correct option is b.
SDS- PAGE is the widely used technique for qualitative analysis of the protein molecules.The molecules of SDS- PAGE are negatively charged and so they readily bind with the positively charged protein species. In this technique protein gets denatured and broken down into smaller fragments. The standard of SDS-PAGE expresses that a charged particle relocates to the cathode with the contrary sign when set in an electric field. The division of the charged particles relies on the general portability of charged species. The more modest particles move quicker because of less obstruction during electrophoresis.
The speed in SDS- PAGE is directly proportional to the molecular size or molecular Weight. Therefore smaller fragments(15kd) move at a much faster pace in comparison to the large fragments that possess comparatively high molecular weight that is 50kd.
Hence,correct option is b.
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(Complete question) is:
n an sds-page gel, which protein would migrate to the positive end of the gel most quickly? a)50kd b)15kd c)35kd d)25kd
pads are used in athletic activities to . a. reduce impacts during collisions b. protect joints, muscles, and bones from damage c. prevent injuries on hard when exercising in the heat, you should . a. wear tight-fitting clothes to absorb your sweat b. dress in layers c. choose dark colored clothing d. vary the intensity and duration of the exercisechrome
In athletic activities, pads are utilised to lessen collision impacts, safeguard joints, muscles, or bones from harm, and avoid injuries on rough surfaces like concrete or gravel.
exercising your heart. This type of exercise, sometimes referred to as cardio, speeds up your breathing and heart rate.
Strength training is incorporated. Your bones and muscles become more durable when you do resistance training.
spending time to broaden your range of motion.
enhancing balance
For the vertebrae and hips, the ideal form of exercise is one that involves being on your legs, such as strolling, running, or even dancing. It is advised that you exercise for 30 to 60 minutes each day to safeguard your heart as well as your bones. Your balance will improve with exercise, which might help you avoid falling. Whether the exercise is jogging, skiing, or participating in a team sport like basketball.
(Pads are used in athletic activities to ____.
A.reduce impacts during collisions
B.protect joints, muscles, and bones from damage
C.prevent injuries on hard surfaces like concrete and gravel
D.all of the above)
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Hypothesis
Lakes are divided into 3 zones, and if the zone that is the closest to the shore is nutrient rich, then it tells us that it’s more likely to find living creatures there compare to other zones.
Activity
According to the given hypothesis, how are you going to test the nutrients level and the diversity of organisms living in that specific zone?
The diversity of organisms can be predicted by the number of species in the lake, and by EC/TDS meter nutrients of the lake can be measured.
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety of all the diverse species of organisms that dwell on our planet, including plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. To support and sustain life on earth, each of these organisms coexists in delicate balance inside ecosystems.
The diversity of the lake can measured by the number of species of organisms in the lake, and nutrient level can be measured by EC/TDS meter.
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what happens to the chromosomes during metaphase? are there two copies or a single copy of each chromosome?
During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell. There are two copies of each chromosome during the cell division.
Metaphase is the second stage of a cell division process. It occurs in both mitosis as well as meiosis. The chromosomes are arranged in a straight line at the equator during the cell division to form a metaphasic plate. This is done to ensure that each cell receives equal number of chromosomes after division.
Chromosomes are the compact forms of genetic material which is comprised of DNA and histone proteins. The chromosomes are formed before the cell division begins. Two copies of the same chromosome are formed during the S phase of cell cycle.
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if you are hunting for fossil trilobites, small animals that once lived in the shallow water searching for food among the mud, in which type of rock layers should you be looking?
The type of rock layers you should be looking for if you are hunting for fossil trilobites is sedimentary rock layers.
Trilobites lived during the Paleozoic Era, which lasted from about 541 million to 251 million years ago. During this time, shallow seas covered much of the earth's surface and sediments, such as mud and sand, accumulated on the sea floor. Over time, these sediments compacted and hardened into sedimentary rock, preserving the remains of trilobites and other ancient organisms as fossils.
Sedimentary rock layers from the Paleozoic Era, such as shale and limestone, are some of the best places to look for trilobite fossils. These rocks often contain well-preserved impressions or molds of the trilobites, allowing scientists to study their anatomy and learn about their behavior and habitats.
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if acetylcholinesterase became nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
If acetylcholinesterase stopped working, acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft and cause overactive acetylcholine receptors.
What is acetylcholine?The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft of the nervous system.
The accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft would happen if the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is in charge of degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, stopped working. As a result, the postsynaptic neurons would experience extended stimulation, which would increase the activity of the cholinergic receptors.
A number of symptoms, such as muscle twitching, contractions, and tremors, as well as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, can be brought on by this overactivity of acetylcholine receptors. In extreme circumstances, this may result in respiratory failure and demise.
This kind of acetylcholine buildup can occur as a result of exposure to certain insecticides and nerve agents, Alzheimer's disease, organophosphate poisoning, and other medical disorders. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in these situations to lessen the symptoms and lower the levels of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
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In horses, most digestive disturbances result from?
A. Underfeeding
B. Overfeeding grains
C. Too much water
D. Over chewing hay
The correct answer is option B. Overfeeding grains. Horses are designed to digest mainly forage, such as hay, pasture, or haylage.
Horses' digestive systems are taxed when they are overfed grain. Grains ferment fast in the hindgut and offer a concentrated supply of energy and minerals.
Increased acidity as a result of this may result in a number of digestive issues, including laminitis, colic, and stomach ulcers. In addition, grain consumption may result in higher levels of carbohydrates and sugars, which may disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the intestines.
This may result in a proliferation of toxins and an overpopulation of dangerous bacteria, which may cause digestive issues.
Overfeeding grain can also result in a reduction in fibre intake, which can speed up food absorption and reduce the time it takes for food to move through the digestive tract.
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antidiuretic hormone . stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane is secreted in response to dehydration all of the choices are correct.
Option 1 is Correct. The kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb water by antidiuretic hormone. ADH production is reduced when fluid intake is adequate.
By encouraging the insertion of "water channels" or aquaporins into the kidney tubule membranes, antidiuretic hormone promotes water absorption. Your body's water balance is regulated by the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As your kidneys remove waste from your blood, it helps to regulate how much water they reabsorb. Additionally known as arginine vasopressin, this hormone (AVP).
Aquaporin 2 water channels are eventually inserted into the membrane of collecting duct cells as a result of the chemical reactions that this hormone sets off. These passageways enable water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream, which increases the concentration of the urine.
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Correct Question:
Antidiuretic hormone .
1. stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney
2. induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane
3. is secreted in response to dehydration
4. all of the choices are correct.
Psychology is considered a __________ science because it deals with human society and the nature and interactions of the individuals who make up society. a. biological b. chemical c. social d. physical please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
as a nations move through the ------ demographic trends change
As a nations move through the Demographic transition, demographic trends change.
What are Demographic trends?Demographic trend is defined as the popular term for any measurable change in the characteristics of a population over time such as increase or decrease of a particular ethnic group, sex ratio etc.
In this study of the population, in terms of size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and the integration of all these with vital statistics and social and economic conditions.
Thus, as a nations move through the Demographic transition, demographic trends change.
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When traits from the parents blend together to form a new trait in the offspring, it is called _________
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Complete dominance
Recessive
When traits from the parents blend together to form a new trait in the offspring, it is called codominance.
What is codominance?When two alleles or genotypes (of both homozygotes) are expressed jointly in offspring, it is referred to as codominance (phenotype).
Two other types of genetic inheritance are codominance and incomplete dominance. It basically means that no allele can prevent or stifle the production of the other allele through codominance.
Therefore, in terms of genetics, codominance is a sort of inheritance in which two distinct expressions (alleles) of the same gene result in distinct features in a person.
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one possible effector response to a hormone is contraction of smooth muscle. this can be exemplified by contractions of the uterus under the influence of
Smooth muscle contraction is one potential effector reaction to a hormone. The uterus contracting when oxytocin is present is one example of this.
The uterine muscles are stimulated to contract by oxytocin, and prostaglandin production rises as a result, intensifying the contractions even further. If labor has not begun naturally, artificial oxytocin may be administered. It may also be used to intensify contractions to speed up deliveries.
Circulating oxytocin induces uterine contractions, and oxytocin released in the brain affects the physiology and behavior of the mother during labor. During childbirth, oxytocin induces the smooth muscle cells in the uterus to contract and causes the mammary glands to secrete milk.
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the nurse is learning about mitochondrial dna mutations. she learns that they generally affect which tissues and organs?
The mitochondrial DNA mutations generally affect the neuromuscular tissues and organs.
Mitochondrial DNA is the genetic material of the cell organelle mitochondria. Since it contains its own DNA it is called a semi-autonomous organ. The mitochondria are abundantly present in neuromuscular region due to their high energy requirements and that is why mitochondria mutations affect these tissues the most.
Mutations are any changes from the normal sequence of the genetic material. These changes affect the normal functioning of the body and hence are usually considered harmful. Some mutations do not affect the body and therefore are called the silent mutations.
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The organism pictured is Chlamydomonas. What characteristics of Chlamydomonas lead to its classification as a protist?
The dearth of traits that distinguish individuals of the animal, plant, and fungus kingdoms.
What are some example of organisms?A living creature that has an orderly arrangement, is capable of responding to stimuli, can multiply, develop, adapt, and preserve balance is referred to as an organism. Thus, an organism would be any earthly mammal, plant, fungus, protist, bacteria, or archaeon.
What kind of animal are people?Because they exhibit the same distinctive characteristics as all other members of this broad group, as well as those listed above, humans are categorized as mammals. Moreover, humans are classed as members of the mammal subgroup known as apes, as well as the primate group known as apes, namely the "Great Apes."
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The scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria was?
The scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria was the British physician and epidemiologist Dr. Thomas Hargrave.
In 1949, Hargrave published a paper linking the presence of sickle-cell anemia in African populations with increased resistance to malaria, a deadly disease caused by a parasite. This groundbreaking discovery marked the first connection between a genetic disease and a survival advantage in the face of a major infectious disease. Hargrave's findings have since been confirmed by numerous studies and have had a significant impact on the field of evolutionary biology and public health. Today, sickle-cell anemia is recognized as a classic example of balancing selection, where a genetic variant is maintained in a population due to its protective effects against a prevalent disease.
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Roughly what percent of human protein-coding genes are thought to be alternatively spliced?
95% percent of human protein-coding genes are thought to be alternatively spliced.
Our eye colour and height aren't the only things that genes may influence. Everything that defines us as humans is based on our genes. The proteins that power everything in our body are created by genes. The term "gene" can be interpreted in a number of ways. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to form a functional RNA, whereas the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of inheritance. Protein-coding genes and noncoding genes are the two categories of molecular genes.DNA is initially transcribed into RNA during gene expression. The RNA may execute a specific function directly or may serve as an intermediary template for a protein.
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list two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and hemoglobin are the two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells absorb and carry oxygen. These oxygen-rich cells move from the lungs to the left side of the heart via the blood arteries. The body is then circulated with the use of pumps.
O2 and CO2 are the two principal gases transported by the blood. Erythrocytes carry almost all of the oxygen. The smooth, elastic structure of erythrocytes, which are anucleate biconcave discs, allows them to pass through capillaries.
Your body's tissues receive oxygen from red blood cells, also referred to as erythrocytes. Carbon dioxide is expelled from your tissues as oxygen is transformed into energy. In order for you to exhale carbon dioxide, your red blood cells also carry it to your lungs.
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Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes - proteins - phospholipids - plasmids - cellulose - peptidoglycan
The following are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes: proteins, phospholipids, peptidoglycan and plasmids, and these components are significant in the prokaryotes as the prokaryotes have no organelles like eukaryotes.
What is the significance of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?The prokaryotic plasma membrane has a different lipid and protein composition than that of eukaryotes, and it provides a fluid and flexible barrier. The prokaryotic plasmids have circular pieces of DNA that are separate from the chromosome and have a significant role in genetic recombination, gene editing, etc.
Hence, the following are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes: proteins, phospholipids, peptidoglycan and plasmids, and these components are significant in the prokaryotes as the prokaryotes have no organelles like eukaryotes.
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The scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria was-Sean Carroll-Tony Allison-David Attenborough-Tony Romo-Charles Darwin
He was Tony Allison, the scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders that is typically inherited.
"Sickle cell anemia" is the term used to describe the most common type. As a result, the normal haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells, starts to exhibit anomalies. This can occasionally take the shape of a rigid sickle. Infants with sickle cell disease frequently experience problems as young as 5 to 6 months old. A few potential health problems include anemia, swelling hands and feet, bacterial infections, stroke, and pain episodes (also known as sickle cell crises). Those who are older may have ongoing pain. People typically live between 40 and 60 years in wealthy countries.
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why was the common garden pea, pisum sativum, that mendel used in his genetic experiments an ideal specimen to study genetic crosses?
He picked peas because they had previously been used in comparable trials, they are easy to cultivate, and they can be seeded every year.
Pea blooms have both male and female components, known as stamen and stigma, and self-pollinate. Self-pollination occurs before the flowers open, resulting in offspring from a single plant.
Gregor Mendel chose pea plants for his studies because they grow rapidly, are simple to breed, and have a wide range of characteristics.
Mendel chose pea plants to investigate genetics because they had clearly discernible features Pea plants, for example, are either tall or short, which is a simple attribute to see. Furthermore, because pea plants grow fast, he was able to do a large number of studies in a short amount of time.
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is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells formed by membrane proteins that interlock somewhat like a zipper. a. plasma membrane b. desmosome c. tight junction d. gap junction e. zipper junction
A relatively impenetrable attachment which is present between two epithelial cells which are formed by membrane proteins which interlock somewhat like a zipper is known as a tight junction.
Hence, the correct option is option c. Tight junction
Tight junctions, which are also known as the occluding junctions or the zonulae occludentes, are basically multiprotein junctional complexes whose major function is to prevent any possible leakage of the water as well as the solutes and also seals between the epithelial cells.
These tight junctions also play a very critical role in maintaining the structure as well as the permeability of endothelial cells. Tight junctions may also sometimes serve as leaky pathways and they do this by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, and also water.
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