where does the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate take place at?

During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and certain bacteria remove CO2 from the air and fix it into chemical compounds such as glucose.

Photosynthesis is the process to convert light energy into chemical energy. Specifically, this process requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to form oxygen and chemical energy stored in sugar. Besides that, it requires pigment to capture the sunlight.

Photosynthesis takes place in the plant, algae, and certain bacteria which have the pigment.

Along with photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) via stomata and water (H2O) through the xylem. Within the mesophyll cell, the water is oxidized (loses electrons) while the carbon dioxide is reduced (gains electrons). This process transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. The glucose will be stored and oxygen will be released into the air.

Thus, the chemical compound produced from photosynthesis is glucose.

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The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a)Colonial Flagellated Protist. So,correct option is a.

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are probably neither animals nor fungi or plants. Protists are not known to form any natural group or clade.  

Colonial Protists are the multicellular organisms that sustain by forming large colonies. However Protists also use either the flagella or the cilia for their easy locomotion.

According to a stated hypothesis all the animals evolved from colonial Flagellated protists. Colonial Protists are different from symbiosis in which organisms provide each other  mutual benefits by living together. Hence, as protists emerge as a  completely different class, the ancestor of the animal clade was probably a Colonial Flagellated protist.

Hence,correct option is a.

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(Complete question) is:

the ancestor of the animal clade was probably

a)colonial flagellated protist.

b)triploblastic acoelomate with spiral cleavage.

c)ciliated protist. d)amoeba. ctenophore.

Studies of evolutionary relationships uncover more characteristics which are also important.

The experiment "Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships using BLAST" provided information that can be used in future studies. After conducting your research, you will understand that species can be connected based on gene sequences. It is because of these nucleotides or proteins that the resultant features are identical. If the technique was more thorough and the goal was clarified, the experiment and its outcomes would be easier to understand. The unique gene sequences that underlie the existence and diversity of organisms everywhere in the globe. All organisms would be identical if their gene sequences were the same. Nothing would alter or evolve.

Although all scientists can discover accurate and trustworthy evidence for evolutionary links using DNA sequences, this does not imply that other features are not significant in these research. Fossils and other tests are used by scientists to learn how organisms developed.

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The thyroid gland secretes messenger hormones which control how the other endocrine glands work. Your body contains glands, and these organs produce and release chemicals that enable various bodily functions.

It's a component of the endocrine system and regulates a number of crucial bodily processes by creating and releasing specific hormones. Your metabolism—the process through which your body converts food you eat into energy—is primarily under the control of your thyroid.

You may have to regularly manage a thyroid problem for the rest of your life. A daily medicine is frequently necessary for this. Your doctor will keep an eye on your therapies and make changes as needed. With a thyroid condition, though, you can typically lead a regular life.

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Centrosome. It is a non-membranous structure made up of two centrioles that resemble rods. During cell division, it aids in the distribution of chromosomes to new cells.

A centrosome is a cellular component that aids in cell division. The centrosome duplicates prior to cell division, and when division starts, the two centrosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell. Between the two centrosomes, a spindle of microtubule-containing proteins forms, which aids in separating the daughter cells' replicated chromosomes. The structure of the cell that actually coordinates the movement of the cells away from one another is the spindle, which is made of microtubules. It is known as the microtubule organizing center because the centrosomes organize the microtubules. Centrosomes divide twice prior to cell division, aiding in the organization of microtubules and the cell division procedure.

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Increased levels of pollution and rising temperature create ocean stress and exhibit tremendous effects on the food chain comprising corals, sharks, parrotfish and zooxanthellae.

There are several factors that are known to affect the health of aquatic systems in the long run. Ocean pollution, ocean acidification, rising temperature and ocean deoxygenation are considered as some of important phenomenon that affect not just the qualitative parameter of water but also of the residing species.

Rising temperature make corals expel out zooxanthellae which results in death of corals later fading corals limit the food source availability for parrotfish and results in decline of their population. With lesser availability of animals to prey on, shark species eventually get reduced. And that's how the entire food cycle is affected.

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The organelle that will use oxygen and give water and carbon dioxide is the mitochondria.

The mitochondria is an organelle that can be found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function of this organelle is to carry out cellular respiration in order to generate ATP (energy). That means that mitochondria will use oxygen in order to do the respiration process, which gives out water and carbon dioxide and the byproducts.

Mitochondria are generally found in oval-ish shape. Aside from producing energy, this organelle is also used to store calcium, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death.

Attached below is an image that shows two mitochondria from a mammal's lung tissue.

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In the first generation following the cross, one form of a feature, such as tall, always concealed the other form, such as short. Mendel referred to the dominant trait as being visible, and the recessive trait as being hidden.

1. True pea plants differ in a number of obvious characteristics or traits.

2. False: No blending is depicted by pea plant characters.

3. False because pea plant flowers are heterosexual

4. False: Characters do not vanish; instead, the effect of the dominant allele obscures that of the recessive allele

5. True because true breeding lines can be developed using pea plants.

6. False, since pea plants are not difficult to grow.

7. Since pea plants mature quickly and have numerous offspring, it is true.

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The type of epithelium, a single layer with both tall and short columnar cells reaching the apical surface and shorter basal cells, is called simple epithelium.

Simple epithelia are composed of a single layer of cells that share an apical surface and are in direct touch with the basement membrane. These cells could be columnar, cuboidal, or squamous. The alveoli of the lungs contain simple squamous epithelium, and the structure of this epithelium is crucial for the exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs.

The epithelium is a type of body tissue that covers all of the internal and exterior body surfaces, lines hollow organs and body cavities, and makes up the majority of glandular tissue. Depending on where in your body it is, epithelial tissue has a range of purposes, including absorption, secretion, and protection.

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According to the all-or-nothing concept, an electrical impulse will ignite once it reaches a certain threshold.

The electrical impulse that departs the sinus node is received by the atrioventricular node (also called AV node). There, impulses are momentarily delayed before continuing along the conduction pathway through the bundle of His and into the ventricles. The bundle of His separates into right and left channels known as bundle branches to activate the right and left ventricles.

The heart typically beats 60 to 100 times per minute while at rest as the electrical impulse travels through it, depending on the age of the person.

The ventricles contract once for each beat of the heart. The blood in the atria empties into the ventricles before the ventricles contract because the atria contract a little fraction of a second before the ventricles do.

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The areas of the central nervous system with a high proportion of cell bodies and dendrites are called "gray matter."

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and transmitting information from the periphery of the body.

The gray matter is where the processing of sensory information, decision making, and movement control occurs. In the brain, gray matter is concentrated in the cortex, which is the outer layer of the brain, and in nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem and spinal cord.

The rest of the central nervous system, which consists mainly of long nerve fibers called axons, is referred to as "white matter."

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The two sentences that describes ways trichomes protect a plant are: 'They secrete substances' and 'They form a thick barrier'.

What do you mean by trichomes?

Trichomes are tiny, hairlike outgrowths on the surface of plants. They are made up of cells that produce and contain resins and oils that give the plant protection, color, and scent. Some trichomes also contain substances that can be used as natural pesticides.

Trichomes are a type of outgrowth on the surface of plants that serve as a protective mechanism. They secrete substances that can repel predators, such as bitter tasting sap, as well as provide protection from UV radiation, drought, and other environmental stressors. Additionally, they form a thick barrier that acts as a physical shield, helping to prevent predators from consuming the plant.

Hence, options A and D are correct.

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The echinoderms and cnidarians (which include jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral) have radial symmetry (such as sea urchins, brittle stars, and sea stars).

She emphasizes that not all creatures have bilateral symmetry. Some creatures, like starfish, jellyfish, and sea urchins, have radial symmetry with four or five axes. The sponge is the only animal on Earth that lacks any kind of symmetry.

In radial symmetry, the body typically takes the shape of a short or long cylinder or bowl with a central axis along which the body parts are placed in a regular pattern or radiate out.

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The organism and the gene present in the organism are given below:

A gene is the basic structural and operational component of heredity. DNA is the component of genes. Some genes serve as blueprints for the synthesis of proteins. Many genes do not, however, code for proteins. A few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases make up a gene in a human.

The And-1 gene is a gene present in fishes that makes proteins for cartilage and fins

The And-2 gene is present in frogs and chickens.

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Option 4 is Correct. Anaphase is preceded by the mitotic spindle formation process. Sister chromatids separate, start to move to the opposing poles of the cell, and form a cleavage furrow during anaphase.

Each pair of chromosomes divides into two identical, independent chromosomes during anaphase. The mitotic spindle is a structure that separates the chromosomes. Chromosomes vanish (turn into chromatin) during the telophase phase.

Additionally, the nuclear membrane recovers, the nucleoli return, the spindle vanishes, and centrioles double. Anaphase follows metaphase, when the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and travel to the opposing poles of the cell. This separation results from the breakdown of cohesin, the protein that held the sister chromatids together during prophase, by enzymes.

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Correct Question:

What event immediately precedes anaphase?

1.  the nuclear envelope forms around chromatin.

2. chromosomes cluster at the midline of the cell.

3. dna replicates.

4. the mitotic spindle forms.

Proteins coded for by nuclear DNA but found within mitochondria move from the cytoplasm into mitochondria using . A) signal sequences (peptides)

A mitochondrion  is a kind of organelle present in the cells of most eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and employ aerobic respiration to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell.

Albert von Kölliker identified them in the voluntary muscles of insects in 1857. Carl Benda invented the name mitochondrion in 1898. The mitochondrion is commonly referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell," a term originated by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 essay of the same title.

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41) Proteins coded for by nuclear DNA but found within mitochondria move from the cytoplasm into mitochondria using ________.

A) signal sequences (peptides)

B) random transport vesicles

C) attachment of ribosomes to outer mitochondrial pores and direct deposition into the inner mitochondrial compartment

D) mRNAs that are manufactured in the nucleus but translated by mitochondrial ribosomes

Metabolites are stored in bacterial inclusions. For instance, many bacteria store extra carbon in the form of glycogen or polyhydroxyalkanoates.

The bacterial chromosome is a single circular molecule that houses all of the DNA for the majority of bacteria. The chromosome joins a number of proteins and RNA molecules to form the nucleoid, an amorphous structure. This is located in the bacterial cell's cytoplasm.

We come to the conclusion that F pili serve at least three roles during mating: I they allow the exchange of genetic material; (ii) they help establish interactions between mating pairs; and (iii) they pull mating cells into close contact, increasing the fertility of the union.

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T. rex lived between 90 and 66 billion years ago, during the very conclusion of the Late Cretaceous.

Whether or not they hatched, rex parents would take care of their young. Although no T. rex nests nor eggs have ever been unearthed, remains of other Tyrannosaur siblings indicate that they may have deposited 20 or more elongated at one time.

The T-Rex was 40 feet long, 20 feet tall, and weighted a maximum of 15,000 pounds. The Giganotosaurus has the benefit because it is a larger dinosaur despite the close contrast. One of the biggest killers to ever prowl the Earth was the gigantosaurus.

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Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are the three junctions where muscles attach to the greater tubercle of humerus.

In general the upper region of greater tubercle is linked with three impressions that works as an  connection points for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Humerus is considered as the  largest bone present at the upper body portions and is defines as the  human arms. It express proximally with the glenohumeral (GH) joint and dismally with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

Humerus main function is to help with the support of your shoulder and it also allows a wide array of movements to your arm.

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A bodybuilder suffers an injury to their triceps muscle. they undergo a series of tests to assess the level of damage. when they try to get their triceps muscle to contract in response to excessive force, the muscle reflexively relaxes. but when the triceps tendon is tapped (like with a reflex hammer), nothing happens. The ssensory aspect of muscle control is damaged in this case is the tearing of the fibers that make up the triceps muscle.

The triceps are the muscles that are located at the top of the back and side of the arm and have a function to help straighten the arm. Several injuries can occur in bodybuilders who often overuse their muscles.

Injury is a damage to the structure or function of the body due to physical or chemical coercion or pressure. One type of injury that bodybuilders often experience is a triceps strain, an injury that occurs when there is a tear in one or more of the fibers that make up the triceps muscle. This tear occurs due to excessive muscle contraction or when the muscle contraction is not ready. A bodybuilder who has this injury is advised to rest and consume food according to doctor's recommendations.

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3 axial : 1 terminal, is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two pea plants that are heterozygous for the axel flower gene.

Heterozygous plants are plants that have two different alleles for a trait. They usually have one dominant allele and one recessive allele, so they express a mixture of traits. For example, if two plants are both heterozygous for flower colour, one with a red allele and one with a white allele, then the offspring of the two plants will be red and white flowers.

Axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers, so when two pea plants that are heterozygous for the axial flower gene are crossed, the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring will be 3 axial flowers to 1 terminal flower. This is because the dominant allele (axial flower) is expressed in the heterozygous offspring, while the recessive allele (terminal flower) is only expressed in the homozygous recessive offspring.

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Extinction of Dinosaurs and evolution of fruit containing plants took place when primates first appeared on land.

Primates are a diverse order of mammals and have been known to appear after successful evolution of existing species. They are partitioned into the strepsirrhines, which incorporate the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which incorporate the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and gorillas, the last option including people).

There were several changes happening in the world around the time when evolution of the first primate species took place. Dinosaurs had recently gone extinct and the evolution of first fruit bearing plant species were two major phenomena that happened at the right time when primate species came into existence. As  there were not many volcanic eruptions so it could be estimated that the evolution of primate species took place in a comparatively natural environment.

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90-120 grams per hour is the amount of  carbohydrates a basketball player should consume during an hour-long game and is therefore denoted as option C.

This is referred to as biomolecule or substance which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and is responsible for the provision of energy to the body cells for its functioning.

90-120 grams per hour is the amount of carbohydrates a basketball player should consume during an hour-long game as any one below such quantity will be considered inadequate due to the rigorous activities involved.

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Tay Sachs causes lysosomes to swell with fatty debris, which harms and eventually destroys nervous system cells, ultimately leading to death.

They generally used by the cells to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction in a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable.

A rare genetic illness called Tay-Sachs is inherited from one parent to the next generation or offspring. It results from the lack of an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of fatty compounds. In the brain and spinal cord, these fatty compounds, known as gangliosides, accumulate to an amount which is toxic and fatal and impair the nerve cells' ability to function.

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Damage to the neural tube would consist of the spinal cord and brain not developing correctly. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Birth malformations known as neural tube defects can affect the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They frequently occur during the first month of pregnancy before the woman even realizes she is pregnant. Spina bifida and anencephaly are the two neural tube abnormalities that are most frequently identified. The fetal spinal column does not entirely shut in spina bifida. Leg paralysis from nerve injury is normal at least to some extent. The majority of the skull and brain do not develop in anencephaly. Anencephalic newborns frequently deliver stillborn babies or pass very soon after birth. The Chiari malformation is a particular defect that causes the brain matter to extend into the spinal canal.

The proper question is:

Damage to the neural tube would consist of:

(A). problems with the formation of the digestive system.

(B). the umbilical cord not connecting the placenta to the uterus.

(C). the skin not developing pores and hair follicles.

(D). the spinal cord and brain not developing correctly.

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The swing that will move faster is 2. The correct option is c. 2 is faster.

A body suspended from a fixed point and capable of swinging back and forth in response to the pull of gravity is referred to as a pendulum. Because the periods, or the length of time between each full oscillation, are consistent, pendulums are used to regulate clock movement.

The formula for calculating this would of a pendulum is T = 2 Square root of L/g, where L is the pendulum's duration and g is its gravitational acceleration.

Therefore, the correct option is C- 2 is faster.

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Deciduous trees lose their leaves seasonally and include trees such as Maple and Elm.

In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous refers to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, typically in the fall, the shedding of flower petals after blooming, and the shedding of ripe fruit. It also means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off". Evergreen is the opposite of deciduous in a botanical sense.

Generally speaking, the term "deciduous" refers to the "falling away when its purpose is accomplished" and the "dropping of a part that is no longer needed or helpful." It is the outcome of organic processes in plants.

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Viruses typically have a single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA genome, with sizes ranging from a few kilo bases to several hundred kilo bases. The genome can be linear or circular, and can encode anywhere from a few genes to several thousand genes. Depending on the virus, the genome can encode proteins involved in viral replication, proteins involved in viral structure, and proteins that are used to infect host cells.

The virus mentioned above with their genome are:

Epstein-Barr Virus: DS-DNA; Epstein-Barr Virus is a double stranded DNA virus that contains linear double stranded DNA.

Rotavirus: DS-RNA; Rotavirus is a double stranded RNA virus that contains 11 segments of double stranded RNA.

Unknown Virus from Birds: SS-RNA; The unknown virus from birds is most likely a single stranded RNA virus because most viruses from birds are RNA viruses, and single stranded RNA viruses are more common than double stranded RNA viruses.

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The given statement, "Some species of animals and plants are responding to climate change by extending their range into the new territories" is true.

Species belong to the lowest level in the hierarchy of classification of organisms. The members of a species comprise of similar characteristics and morphology. The members of a species are naturally able to reproduce among themselves.

Climate change is the change in the temperatures and weather of a region which occurs over long-term range. These changes are mainly caused due to human activities that have disturbed the normal cycle of the environment. It has altered the life of living organism like their habitats, feeding habits, etc.

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