When an allele is the only variant of a gene in a population, it is said to be fixed. An allele is a specific version of a gene that occurs at a specific locus (position) on a chromosome. If a population has only one allele for a particular gene, it is said to be fixed for that allele, meaning that all individuals in the population have the same version of the gene.
Fixation of an allele in a population can occur through genetic drift, a random process that can result in the loss of one or more alleles over time, or through natural selection, where one allele confers a survival advantage over others and becomes more common in the population over generations. Having a fixed population means that there is limited genetic variation, which can be both beneficial and harmful. On one hand, it can lead to a more uniform and predictable population, but on the other hand, it can leave the population vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes. Therefore, it is important to maintain genetic diversity within populations to ensure the long-term health and survival of a species.
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james watson was awarded the nobel prize after discovering that dna has what shape? pascal triangle
James and Watson were awarded Nobel prize after discovering the double helix structure of DNA.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the majorly found genetic material. The structure of DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands in the form of double helix. There are various types of DNA like; A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA, etc. DNA consists of all the genetic information required to make a body functional.
Double helix refers to the physical DNA structure where two strands wind around each other. These strands are joined together by hydrogen bonds. The complete structure appears as a twisted ladder and this is called a double helix.
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The mean division time for bacteria population C is 20 minutes. Calculate how many bacteria will be present after 4 hours, when starting with 50 bacteria
The average time for dividing the population of C bacteria is 20 minutes. A lot of bacteria will be there after 4 hours, if you start with 50 bacteria is 204,800.
BacteriaThe Formula is:N = N0 x 2^(t/d)
Where,
N is the final number of bacteria.
N0 is the initial number of bacteria.
t is the time elapsed.
d is the doubling time.
Solution:N0: 50
t: 4 hours = 240 minutes
d: 20 minutes
N = 50 x 2^(240/20)
= 50 x 2^12
= 50 x 4096
= 204,800
Therefore, after 4 hours, there will be approximately 204,800 bacteria present in the population, starting with an initial population of 50 bacteria.
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The average time for dividing the population of C bacteria is 20 minutes. So after 4 hours, if we start with 50 bacteria, there will be 204,800 bacteria.
What is Bacteria?Bacteria are defined as tiny, single-celled organisms that are millions of different types of bacteria. Many can be found in and on the body and are beneficial to us.
Bacteria divide by the asexual mode of reproduction which is called as Binary fission. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by splitting in two through a process known as cytokinesis, with each new organism receiving a copy of the DNA.
Its division can be calculated by this formula:
[tex]N = N_0 * 2^(^t^/^d^)[/tex]
Where,
N is the final number of bacteria.
[tex]N_0[/tex] is the initial number of bacteria.
t is the time elapsed.
d is the doubling time.
Here,
[tex]N_0[/tex] 50
t: 4 hours = 240 minutes
d: 20 minutes
[tex]N = 50 * 2^(^2^4^0^/^2^0^)[/tex]
[tex]= 50 *2^1^2[/tex]
= 50 x 4096
= 204,800
Therefore, after 4 hours, there will be approximately 204,800 bacteria present in the population, starting with an initial population of 50 bacteria.
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Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria. Check all that apply.
a. contain multiple nuclei in each cell
b. most lack cell walls
c. some live in human intestines and help with digestion
d. some are used to make pharmaceuticals
e. important decomposers and producers
f. Earth's oldest organisms
The following which are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria include the following below:
c. some live in human intestines and help with digestion
d. some are used to make pharmaceuticals
e. important decomposers and producers
f. Earth's oldest organisms.
What is a Bacteria?This is referred to as a microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in their millions, in every environment, both inside and outside other organisms.
They are the oldest organisms and are used to make pharmaceuticals in the healthcare industry.
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WILL GIVE BRAINLIST 2 BEST ANSWER
Complete the chart to show the presence of each gene in each organism, or paste a copy of the completed table from the notebook.
The organism and the gene present in the organism are given below:
Ray-finned fish - And-1Cartilaginous fish - And-1Frog - And-2Chicken - And-2Lungfish - And-1Coelacanth - And-1What is the And-1 gene and its function?The And-1 gene functions either inside or upstream of the formation of cartilage and fins. is expressed in the brain, pectoral fin, pectoral fin bud, and median fin fold.
The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity is a gene. DNA constitutes genes and the information stored therein is used to make proteins.
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the simulation will start with two plants highlighted. what do you think will happen to these plants in this ecosystem? can they both survive together?
The outcome of the simulation is dependent on a number of factors such as the type of plants, their resources and the overall environment in which they exist.
In an ecosystem, plants compete for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. If two plants are highlighted, it is possible for both to survive if they have access to sufficient resources and are not in direct competition with each other. However, if the resources are limited, one plant may grow stronger at the expense of the other. The simulation may show how the plants interact and compete for resources and help understand the factors that influence their survival in the ecosystem. It is important to keep in mind that the simulation is a representation of reality and may not always reflect the actual outcome.
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which of the traits that you originally observed for e. coli did not seem to become altered? which traits appear to be significantly different after the transformation procedure?
The traits that did not alter were color and shape while the quantity in each plate and the glowing capability of the bacteria appeared to be different.
What is the meaning of traits?
In biology, a trait or character is a characteristic of a living thing. It belongs to the phenotypic of an organism.
Every living thing, from minuscule creatures like bacteria to plants, animals, and people, possesses certain special qualities. The anatomy, or physical makeup, of a living entity, can be referred to as its body or structure. The physical structure functions in a specific manner; this is how its body functions. Animals also behave in a particular way; this is called their behavior.
A living thing's structure, physiological processes, and behavioral patterns are all examples of characteristics. Traits are heritable, meaning that genes can transmit them from one generation to the next.
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richard neis had symptoms of excessive secretion of pth (high blood calcium levels), and his physicians were certain he had a parathyroid gland tumor. yet when surgery was performed on his neck, the surgeon could not find the parathyroid glands at all. where should the surgeon look next to find the tumorous parathyroid gland?
Even though the surgeon couldn't find Richard Neis's parathyroid gland tumor, the surgeon should look the adjacent neck regions since it's not unusual to find the glands in other regions of the neck or even the thorax.
A growth inside a parathyroid gland is known as a parathyroid tumor. The glands are 4 small, pea-sized glands located in the neck regions near the thyroid gland.
The glands are part of the endocrine system. This system controls hormones in one's body. The glands make the parathyroid hormone. This hormone regulates the levels of phosphorus and calcium in one's blood. Parathyroid tumors may increase the levels of the hormone, which leads to more calcium in the blood.
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what can be produced by cells that use glucose anaerobically?
Explanation:
Cells that use glucose anaerobically can produce lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide.
A person with a genetic _____ has an increased risk of developing a health condition due to inherited genes.
A person with a genetic genetic predisposition or genetic susceptibility to cancer has an increased risk of developing a health condition due to inherited genes.
Definition - A cancer-susceptibility gene is a gene that, when changed (or mutated), gives an individual an increased risk for developing cancer. Individuals who have inherited mutations in certain cancer-susceptibility genes have a lifetime risk of cancer that is significantly higher than the general population.
Causes - A genetic predisposition refers to a genetic variation that increases the likelihood of disease. These are passed on from parents to children, but not all children will necessarily receive the genes that predispose to the disease.
Effects - Genetic variations can have large or small effects on the likelihood of developing a particular disease. For example, certain variants (also called mutations) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes greatly increase a person's risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Particular variations in other genes, such as BARD1 and BRIP1, also increase breast cancer risk, but the contribution of these genetic changes to a person's overall risk appears to be much smaller.
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what type of bond links two polynucleotide chains to each other in a double helix of dna?
The type of bond that links two polynucleotide chains to each other in a double helix of DNA is a hydrogen bond.
DNA is composed of two complementary polynucleotide chains, which are twisted around each other to form a double helix. The polynucleotide chains are composed of repeating units called nucleotides, each of which contains a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases of one chain hydrogen bond with the nitrogenous bases of the other chain, forming the rungs of the DNA ladder. The sugar-phosphate backbone of each chain forms the sides of the ladder. The specific order of polynucleotide chains bases in each chain determines the genetic information carried by the DNA molecule, and the hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the two chains together in the double helix. The strength of these hydrogen bonds is critical for the stability and stability of the DNA double helix, which is essential for many cellular processes, including DNA replication and protein synthesis.
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protein complementarity is the practice of combining sources of protein such that amino acid deficiencies in one source are counterbalanced by abundances in another source. T/F
The given statement "protein complementarity is the practice of combining sources of protein such that amino acid deficiencies in one source are counterbalanced by abundances in another source" is true because we combine proteins to get amino acid which is essential for body.
To obtain all 9 essential amino acids for your body, you can mix two plant proteins, such as grains and legumes, through a process known as protein complementation. Protein complementation is broken out as follows: Food - Few Amino Acid - s Complement.
Body protein as well as other vital nitrogen-containing substances including creatine, peptide hormones, and some neurotransmitters cannot be produced without amino acids. Although allowances are expressed in terms of protein, amino acids are a biological necessity. Amino acid residues are the second-largest component of human muscles and other tissues, after water, and they are found in the form of proteins.
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if individuals iii-4 and iii-5 mate and have a child, what is the probability that the child will have the genetic condition? use only the information given in the pedigree shown.
50%, Because they are dominant and in equal ratio. one would need to examine the pedigree and determine probability if either III-4 or III-5 are carriers of the genetic condition.
Based on the information given, it would be possible to determine the probability of the child inheriting the genetic condition. The probability cannot be determined without more information. A pedigree provides information about the inheritance of a particular trait or condition in a family, but it does not indicate the specific probability of a child inheriting the condition from the parents. Further genetic condition or analysis is necessary to determine the likelihood of inheritance.
The complete Question is:
What is the probability that a child from a mating between individuals III-4 and III-5 will have the genetic condition based on the information given in the pedigree?
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The primary reason that the human population has grown rapidly over the past 100 years is that there has been?
Spirochetes are small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. True or False?
True ,Spirochetes are small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.
In general , the spirochete survives in the louse hemolymph when the infection is transmitted to humans these louse are crushed on human skin and the small spirochetes enters inside the the skin or mucous membranes. They are also a large group of carcinomas obtained from the glandular tissue. Which are specialized to form lymphocytes that can also produce antibodies.
Spirochetes also contains distinctive diderm or double-membrane like gram-negative bacteria, majority of spirochetes have long, helically coiled spiraled cells hence named as Spirochetes .
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tay-sachs occurs when cannot clean up cellular debris.
Tay-sachs occurs when lysosomes cannot clean up cellular debris which ultimately kills nervous system cells.
By the time a kid reaches the age of four, Tay Sachs causes lysosomes to overflow with fatty debris, which damages and ends up killing nervous system cells. Kids with Tay-Sachs disease have cognitive incapacity, seizures, loss of vision and hearing, and involuntary muscular twitching as the disease worsens.
Organic waste left over when a cell dies—a natural result of a cell life cycle—is referred to as cellular debris. Due to damage from harmful physical, chemical, viral, biological, dietary, or immunological causes, healthy cells can degrade into cell debris.
The question is incomplete, find the complete question here
Tay-sachs occurs when ____ cannot clean up cellular debris which ultimately kills nervous system cells.
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in addition to serving as building blocks of dna, what other function do nucleotides perform in a cell?
In a cell, nucleotides act as an energy source, signalling molecules, regulators of gene expression, and tools for DNA repair and protection.
What is nucleotide?A nucleotide is a chemical unit that is made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a base with nitrogen. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides determines the genetic information recorded in DNA, and nucleotides are the monomers that make up the chains of nucleic acids.
Nucleotides play various crucial roles in a cell, including acting as the building blocks of DNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, are known as nucleotides. Through the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy source for cellular functions, they contribute significantly to the transmission of energy within a cell. Additionally, nucleotides act as signalling molecules, transferring data between cells and controlling a number of biological functions like cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis.
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If a geneticist describes a trait as being 70% penetrant, what would they mean? - Individuals with the trait show variation in expression. - It is lethal in 30% of the individuals who have the trait. - Only 70% of the individuals who carry the allele(s) for a trait express the trait.
- The trait is present in 70% of the population.
The correct answer is C. Only 70% of the individuals who carry the allele(s) for a trait express the trait.
Penetrance is a measure of how often an allele or gene is expressed.
For example, if a trait has a penetrance of 70%, it means that 70% of the individuals who carry the allele(s) for that trait express the trait. Penetrance is used to measure the expressivity of a trait, which is how strongly the trait is expressed in an individual.
A trait with a high penetrance is expressed in most individuals who have the allele(s). A trait with a low penetrance is expressed in a much lower proportion of individuals who carry the allele(s).
Thus, when a geneticist describes a trait as being 70% penetrant, they mean that only 70% of the individuals who carry the allele(s) for that trait express the trait.
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cytokinesis is a process that occurs during the cell cycle. during cytokinesis,___
In cytokinesis, a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each of which receives an equal number of chromosomes.
What is cytokinesis?The final stage of cell division, known as cytokinesis, is when a single cell divides into two different daughter cells. This process takes place during the cell cycle. The cell membrane constricts and merges in the middle of the cell during cytokinesis, creating a cleavage furrow that finally divides the two daughter cells.
In order to ensure that each daughter cell receives an equal amount of chromosomes, cytokinesis, which takes place after mitosis, is required. Microfilaments and myosin work together to generate a contractile ring that aids in pulling the cell membrane inward and dividing the cell. This action regulates the process of cytokinesis. The process of cytokinesis is crucial for an organism's growth and development as well as for the maintenance of healthy cell function and the healing of tissues.
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When atp is hydrolyzed into adp and inorganic phosphate, _____.
Energy is released through the hydrolysis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
Hydrolysis is a process in which water is used to break a bond, and in this case, the bond between the two phosphate groups in ATP is broken, releasing energy.
The energy released during the hydrolysis of ATP is stored energy that can be used by the cell for various processes, such as muscle contraction, transport of molecules across cell membranes, and biosynthesis of macromolecules.
When ATP is hydrolyzed, the molecule is transformed from a high-energy form (ATP) to a lower-energy form (ADP). The energy stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP is transferred to the surroundings, making it available for cellular processes.
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What are protein beta sheets stabilized by?
protein beta sheets are stabilized by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and other forces
The lateral alignment of -strands in parallel or antiparallel orientations results in the formation of protein [tex]\beta[/tex]-sheet structures, which are then stabilised by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and other factors. Intermolecular -sheet interactions are linked to protein quaternary structure, protein-protein interactions, and peptide and protein aggregation, whereas intramolecular -sheet interactions are linked to protein folding. The role of [tex]\beta[/tex]-sheets in diseases such as HIV, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders is in addition to their significance for normal biological processes. Understanding and managing protein activities and interactions requires an understanding of the forces that contribute to the stability and interactions of [tex]\beta[/tex]-sheets.
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Smooth ER does not have
ribosomes attached to it. This
type of ER makes lipids,
steroids, and hormones.
What is a function of the
smooth ER?
A. The smooth ER performs photosynthesis for the cell.
B. The smooth ER creates lipids and detoxifies the cell.
C. The smooth ER makes energy for the cell.
The smooth ER creates lipids and detoxifies the cell.
What is Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?Plant and animal cells include the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, also known as the smooth ER. A cell subunit having a specific function is called an organelle.
The smooth ER's primary job is to produce cellular goods including hormones and lipids. Additionally, it disperses those products across the cell and throughout the organism.
The smooth ER also controls calcium ion release, processes toxins, and releases calcium ions. To distinguish it from rough ER, which possesses ribosomes for protein synthesis on its surface, it is referred to as "smooth."
Therefore, The smooth ER creates lipids and detoxifies the cell.
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what is the modern term for the subfield of psychology that studies the development and change of individuals as they age throughout their lives?
The modern term for the subfield of psychology that studies of the development and change of individuals as they age throughout their lives is called as Development Psychology.
Development psychology focuses on the colorful aspects of cerebral growth and development throughout the lifetime. This includes physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and personality development, as well as the ways in which these aspects interact and impact one another. Developmental psychologists may look at the natural environmental.
Factors that contribute to individual growth and development and examine how these factors may shape the development of personality and behaviour . Developmental psychologists frequently use a variety of exploration styles, similar as checks, interviews, and experimental studies.
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The scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria was
a. Sean Carroll
b. Tony Allison
c. David Attenborough
d. Tony Romo
e. Charles Darwin
J. B. S. Haldane noted in the 1940s that several red blood cell abnormalities were common in tropical areas where malaria was endemic, including sickle-cell anaemia and other thalassemias.
What is meant when an allele is the only variant present in the population?A fixed allele is an allele for which there is just one variant in the whole population of that gene. The entire population is homozygous for a fixed allele.
Who was the first to discover sickle cell anaemia?A doctor called James Herrick recorded the first instance of sickle cell anaemia in 1910. He described an extremely anaemic 20-year-old college student.
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PLEASE HURRY I NEED THIS NOW! 40 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST
Write a story about some kind of life (bacteria is allowed) found on one of the other planets we discussed today. Explain how it lives
International Space Station (ISS) astronauts discover for the first time alien microbes in outer space. Surprisingly, these microbes were found in the corridors of the ISS. Because it was identified as alien and not from Earth, they nicknamed it the 'alien' microbe. Unlike other microbes previously discovered, this one was not actually sent to Earth. The astronauts agreed to research the characteristics of these microbes directly from the ISS. In the identification stage, they also isolated the microbial cell nucleus and multiplied the DNA samples to determine their origin.
Extraterrestrial LifeExtraterrestrial life is defined as life that does not originate from planet Earth. The existence of life outside this planet is still only a theory and estimates about this life are still being coined. Stephen Hawking and Carl Sagan argue that it is impossible for life to exist only on Earth.
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Muscle that adducts the shoulder and causes extension of the shoulder joint __
Muscle which adducts the shoulder and causes the extension of the shoulder joint is latissimus dorsi.
The latissimus dorsi is basically a large and flat muscle present on the back which stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is covered partly by the near the midline. This word, latissimus dorsi basically comes from Latin and means "the broadest of the back". These muscles are also commonly known as the lats. The latissimus dorsi is basically the largest muscle present in the upper body.
The latissimus dorsi is crucial for adduction, extension, transverse extension which is also known as the horizontal abduction or also known as the horizontal extension, flexion from the extended position, and also the internal rotation of the shoulder joint.
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Is lipid structure in foods you eat linked to heart disease?
The media is full of advice on what you should and should not eat, but these recommendations often change from year to year. You may have heard that polyunsaturated fats are heart healthy and saturated fats are not, but is it really that simple?
How you prepare food can affect the amount of saturated fats that you eat. For example, if you cook meat on a grill, the product will have less saturated fat than if you were to eat the same meat raw. What occurs during the process of cooking the meat on a grill that would explain this result?
a. The saturated fat in meat undergoes a change in its physical state as it is heated − from a semisolid consistency to a liquid. When meat is grilled, the liquefied fat drips off, resulting in less saturated fat in the final product. b.The saturated fat in meat undergoes a change in its chemical state as it is heated − from saturated to unsaturated. When meat is grilled, the saturated fat transforms, resulting in less saturated fat in the final product. c. The saturated fat in meat undergoes a change in its physical state as it is heated − from a semisolid consistency to a liquid and then to a gaseous. When meat is grilled, the liquefied fat boils and evaporates, resulting in less saturated fat in the final product. d. The saturated fat in meat undergoes a change in its physical state as it is heated − from a semisolid consistency to a liquid.
The saturated fat which is present in meat undergoes a change in its physical state when it is heated in order to from a semisolid consistency to a liquid. When the meat is getting grilled, the liquefied fat will drip off, resulting in a much less saturated fat in the final product.
Hence, option a is the correct option.
Grilling is an advantageous process of cooking as it allows the excess fat to drop off the grades which ultimately results in a less fat output. When we grill the meat, we see that the fat on the meat is cooked off while in a pot on the stove-top, the fat will come out as a liquid but it still remains in the pot since it is not able to escape, this eventually leads to reuptake of the fat by the meat.
The saturated fat in the meat while grilling undergoes a change in its physical state and ends up from a semisolid consistency to a liquid. This liquefied fat drips off and results in a less saturated fat left in the final product. In those situations where the meat is raw, all saturated fat is kept intact.
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. the video demonstrates a reflex called the babinski reflex, in which the foot flexes dorsally and the toes splay out when the sole of the foot is lightly scratched. this is normal for newborns, but it is a sign of reduced myelination of the spinal tract in adults. why would this reflex be a problem for an adult?
The presence of the Babinski reflex in an adult can indicate a problem with the myelination of the spinal tract, which is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles.
Myelin is a fatty substance that forms a sheath around the nerve fibers and helps to improve the speed and efficiency of nerve impulses.In adults, the Babinski reflex is usually a sign of reduced myelination of the spinal tract, which can result from a variety of neurological conditions, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions that affect the nervous system.When the myelination of the spinal tract is reduced, the nerve impulses that control muscle movement may be affected, leading to problems with coordination, balance, and muscle strength. This can result in difficulty walking, impaired dexterity, and other motor difficulties.
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The full question was here:
Newborns have a set of reflexes that are expected to have been crucial to survival before the modern age. These reflexes disappear as the baby grows, as some of them may be unnecessary as they age. The video demonstrates a reflex called the Babinski reflex, in which the foot flexes dorsally and the toes splay out when the sole of the foot is lightly scratched. This is normal for newborns, but it is a sign of reduced myelination of the spinal tract in adults. Why would this reflex be a problem for an adult?
why in osmosis and diffusion, do molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane toward a solution with a higher concentration of solutes?
Diffusion involves the movement of particles form regions having higher concentration to the ones with lower concentration. Osmosis occurs through a semi-permeable membrane which ensures equal concentration on either side of the membrane.
Diffusion is basically the movement of particles from regions having higher concentration to the ones with lower concentration. Osmosis also involves the movement of particles from regions having higher concentration to the ones with lower concentration.
This process although occurs through a semi-permeable membrane to ensure that the molecules of the solvent are free to move through the membrane to equalize the concentration. Osmosis and diffusion find a lot of application in daily life.
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The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that performs specific functions are called ______.
The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that performs specific functions are called organelles.
What are organelles ?
Organelles are specialized organelles that carry out particular tasks in eukaryotic cells. The nucleus, which houses the genetic material of the cell, the mitochondria, which produce the energy for the cell, the lysosomes, which degrade waste products, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus are some examples of organelles (which are involved in protein synthesis and modification).
Each organelle has a distinct shape and function, and together they enable the cell to carry out all of its essential tasks, from energy production to protein and lipid synthesis. One of the primary distinctions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes (such as bacteria), which lack these specialized structures, is the existence of organelles in eukaryotic cells.
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T/F: The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time
The role of the chordae tendineae is to stabilize the AV valve against the large pressure changes that occur when the ventricles contract. So this is wrong.
The role of the chordae tendineae is to stabilize the AV valve against the large pressure changes that occur when the ventricles contract. The chordae tendineae are thin strands of connective tissue that anchor each AV valve leaflet, preventing it from opening into the atria (allowing blood to flow back into the atria). The function of the chordae tendineae, therefore, is to anchor the AV valve to the ventricular papillary muscles and maintain it in a closed position during ventricular systole to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.
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