The tert-butyl cation is the electrophile in the friedel-crafts alkylation reaction with tert-butyl chloride.
What is tert-butyl chloride?
The organochloride with formula (CH3)3CCl is tert-butyl chloride. It is a flammable, colorless liquid. It has a limited water solubility and a propensity to hydrolyze into the equivalent tert-butyl alcohol. As an industrial precursor to various organic molecules, it is created.
In order to create alcohol and alkoxide salts, tert-butyl chloride is a crucial starting material in nucleophilic substitution processes. It is employed in Friedel-Crafts processes and as an alkylating agent for the introduction of the tert-butyl group. It serves as an intermediary in the synthesis of both medicines and agrochemicals.
Originally, this Alfa Aesar product was sold under the Thermo Scientific name. The legacy brand may be mentioned in some documents and label information.
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Hi, i am almost done with my assignment, 2.11 Unit test chemistry of life, could i get help from someone who knows this type of questions? would get 5 stars and a few extra points well
A Scientist test a small section of a carrot root to determine the type of molecules were present. the results showed that the molecule contained carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen . the option d is correct (d) both (a) and (c)
(a)the molecule are a type of carbohydrate (c) the carrot contains some type of sugar.
Carrot is one of the important root vegetable rich in bioactive compounds. carbohydrates are made up of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen. carbohydrates are sugar molecules. The main three carbohydrates : sugar , starches and fiber. The carrot vegetable we eat is the taproot of carrot plant. The sucrose is major transport and storage sugar but it convert into starch. Carbohydrates provides energy for living things.
Thus, A Scientist test a small section of a carrot root to determine the type of molecules were present. the results showed that the molecule contained carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen . the option d is correct (d) both (a) and( c)
(a)the molecule are a type of carbohydrate
(c) the carrot contains some type of sugar.
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Why is there more variety in kingdom than there is in a species? give an example.
Please I’m begging you I really need to get this thing on this test thing I’m begging you whoever will do it please
2
The melting and boiling points of three pure
substances are given in Table 1.3.
Substance
ethanol
methane
mercury
Melting point
/°C
b
c
-117
-182
-30
Boiling point
/°C
78
-164
357
Table 1.3: Melting and boiling points of ethanol,
methane and mercury.
All three substances have negative values for
their melting point. Which of them has the
lowest melting?
Answer:
-182
Explanation:
according to the table it's the answer
According to forces of attraction and given data the substance with lowest melting point is that one with -182°C.
Forces of attraction is a force by which atoms in a molecule combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature. It can act between an ion and an atom as well.It varies for different states of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.
The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.
The physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density are all dependent on forces of attraction which exists in the substances.Thus,the substance with lowest melting point is that one with -182°C.
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At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?
The peptide bond is broken by the hydrolysis of water. The hydrogen ion of water goes to the -NH end (shown to the right of bond C) and the hydroxyl Ion of water goes to the -CO ends (shown to the left of bond C), resulting in the breakdown of peptide Bond and formation of individual amino acid.
The reaction of water with another compound forms two or more products. Some examples of hydrolysis include dissolving salts of weak acids or weak bases in water or dissolving sulfuric acid in water to form hydronium and bisulfate compounds.
The difference between hydration and hydrolysis is that hydrolysis is the process of breaking a bond with water whereas hydration is defined as an electrophilic addition reaction without breaking the original molecule. During hydration, water molecules are added to the substance. A chemical decomposition process that involves breaking bonds and adding hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions of water.
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Through bonding, atoms are able to attain the same electron configuration as a(n)?
The placement of electrons in orbitals surrounding an atomic nucleus is known as electronic configuration
What is electron configuration?The placement of electrons in orbitals surrounding an atomic nucleus is known as electronic configuration, also known as electronic structure or electron configuration. As follows: 1s will be filled first, with a maximum of 2 electrons, followed by 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, and 5p. The Aufbau Principle, the Pauli-Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule are a set of three guidelines we must adhere to while allocating electrons to orbitals. To determine the valence electrons of an atom, electron configurations assist us to understand the chemical behavior of elements. The shell number (n), kind of orbital, and superscript indicating the number of electrons in the orbital are the first three symbols used to represent the electron configuration.
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a different scientist makes zinc iodide by the same method. the scientist obtains 12.5g of zinc iodide. the percantage yeild in this reaction is 92.0% whta is the maximum theoretical mass of zinc iodide produced in this reaction?
A different scientist makes zinc iodide by the same method. the scientist obtains 12.5g of zinc iodide. the percentage yield in this reaction is 92.0% then the theoretical mass is 13.6 g.
What is percent yield?Percent yield is defined as a measure of actual number of mole obtained by reactant in comparison to the theoretical yield.
Percent yield equal to actual yield divided by theoretical yield multiply by 100
As given percent yield is 92%, actual yield is 12.5 g
Then Theoretical yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100
= 12.5 / 92 x 100 = 13.6 g
Thus, different scientist makes zinc iodide by the same method. the scientist obtains 12.5g of zinc iodide. the percentage yield in this reaction is 92.0% then the theoretical mass is 13.6 g.
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how many significant figures of .00000281 mA
Answer:
3 Significant Figures.
Explanation:
The zeros to the left of non-zero numbers are Leading Zeros. These zeros are NOT significant. They serve as placeholders to locate the decimal point.
Answer:
3
Explanation:
To determine the number of significant figures in a number use the following 3 rules:
Non-zero digits are always significant
Any zeros between two significant digits are significant
A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant
Example: .500 or .632000 the zeros are significant
.006 or .000968 the zeros are NOT significant
You are heating a piece of glass and now want to pick it up. you should?
Answer:
pick it up with tongs
Explanation:
2. What is the concentration in mol dm-3 of a solution which contains 3 moles of a given solute in 0.25dm³ (250cm³) of solution.
The concentration in mol dm-³ of a solution which contains 3 moles of a given solute in 0.25dm³ (250cm³) of solution is 12 mol/dm³.
How to calculate molarity?The concentration of a solution can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of the solution by its volume as per the following formula;
Concentration = moles ÷ volume
According to this question, a solution contains 3 moles of a given solute in 0.25dm³ (250cm³) of solution. The concentration of the solution can be calculated as follows:
Concentration = 3moles ÷ 0.25dm³
Concentration = 12 mol/dm³
Therefore, the concentration in mol dm-³ of a solution which contains 3 moles of a given solute in 0.25dm³ (250cm³) of solution is 12 mol/dm³.
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How many seconds in a year? (Assume 30 days in an average month)
How many grams of phosphorus are present in 3.51 moles of phosphorus trichloride ? grams.
108.81 grams of phosphorus are present in 3.51 moles of phosphorus trichloride, PCl₃.
The molecular formula of Phosphorus trichloride is PCl₃.
One mole of phosphorus trichloride contains one mole of phosphorus element.
The molar mass of phosphorus = 31 g.
So,
1 mole of phosphorus trichloride contains 31 g of phosphorus
Since,
1 mole PCl₃ has 31 g Phosphorus
1 × 3.51 moles PCl₃ has 31×3.51 g Phosphorus
3.51 moles PCl₃ has 108.81 g of Phosphorus
Hence,
3.51 moles of phosphorus trichloride have 108.81 grams of phosphorus present in it.
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If you move from the equator to a location in the mid-latitudes, the wintertime average temperature will _____, and the temperature range will _____.
If you progress from the equator to a location within the mid-latitudes, the wintertime average temperature will decrease, and thus the temperature range will increases.
What is the relationship between latitude and temperature?
As latitude increases, the temperature falls, and therefore the other way around. Generally, round the world, it gets warmer towards the equator and cooler towards the poles.
However, other factors could influence the temperature in several locations like altitude, precipitation, and ocean currents
Why is it called latitude?
On a map where north is up, latitudes run laterally (left to right). they're named after the angle created by a line connecting the latitude and the center of the Earth, and therefore the line connecting the equator and the center of the Earth. Latitudes specify the north-south position of a location on the world .
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Acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fibers which open ion channels (allowing ions to move along their concentration gradient), what type of transport is this an example of?
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fibers which open ion channels (allowing ions to move along their concentration gradient). This is an example of passive transport.
Passive transport is a biological phenomenon of movement that does not require external energy from the cell. It is the movement of ions or other chemical substances within the cells.
This movement happens along the concentration gradient. The chemical substance moves from high concentration to low in this phenomenon. simple and facilitated diffusion that happens in the cell are also types of passive transport. Other than that, passive transport also includes Filtration and Osmosis.
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technique that separates mixture by solubility
The technique that is used to separate chemical mixtures by solubility is evaporation.
What is solubility?Solubility is defined as the process by which a substance called solute is able to dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.
Evaporation is an example of separation technique that helps in the separation of two substances based on their solubility.
Other examples of separation technique include the following:
Filtration,Distillation, andChromatography.When two substances form a solution, both can be separated into its different constituents through heating the solution in the process of evaporation.
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The molecular formula for glucose is c6h12o6. what would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
The formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. by multiplying the molecular no of 1 glucose molecule by 3 we get 18 carbon and 36 hydrogen and 18 oxygen molecule. i.e. C₁₈H₃₆O₁₈
Elaborate:
It features a molecular formula of C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ When HI is heated for a long time, n-hexane is formed which indicates that all the six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain.
The oxime is formed when glucose reacts with hydroxylamine and cyanohydrins with the addition of hydrogen cyanide to it.
What is a molecular formula?
The formula is the formula showing the actual number of each atom in a molecule.
How may be a molecular formula written?
A formula uses chemical symbols and subscripts to indicate the exact numbers of different atoms in a molecule or compound. An formula gives the simplest, whole-number ratio of atoms during a compound. A molecular formula indicates the bonding arrangement of the atoms in the molecule.
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______ suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes.
Bile suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate metabolism and chemical reactions in the body. Build some substances and break down others. All living things have enzymes. Our bodies naturally produce enzymes. However, enzymes are also found in finished products and foods.
According to the International Union of Biochemists (I U B), enzymes are divided into six functional classes, classified according to the types of reactions used to catalyze them. The six enzymes are hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases, transferases, ligases, and isomerases.
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Evaluate 4x+13 when x=-3
4x + 13
4 * -3 + 13
-12 + 13
1
Sodium bicarbonate or beta-alanine used to improve anaerobic performances exert their effect by?
Sodium bicarbonate or beta-alanine used to improve anaerobic performances exert their effect on the slow rate of decrease of creatine phosphate.
Anaerobic means "with the air" and refers to the body's use of oxygen to produce energy. This typically includes exercises that last longer than 2 minutes. Continuous "steady state" exercise is done with aerobic exercise. Anaerobic means "without air" and refers to the body's ability to produce energy without using oxygen.
Examples of aerobic exercise include swimming laps, running, or cycling. Anaerobic exercise involves a rapid burst of energy and is performed with maximum effort in a short period of time. Examples include jumping, sprinting, and lifting heavy objects. "Walking is a great aerobic exercise. It's thought to be weight-bearing and good for bone strength and health," he says. Oftentimes, people feel unwell and want to lose weight and get fit, but think they need a gym membership to exercise.
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To make (h3c)3c-o--ch3 using the williamson ether synthesis which is the best way?
To make (H₃C)₃C-O-CH₃ using the Williamson ether synthesis is
H₃C-OH + Na⁺ → (H₃C)₃C-Br⁻ → (H₃C)₃C-O-CH₃
The general method for synthesis of ether is Williamson ether synthesis, as it involves nucleophilic displacement of a halide or any other group by an alkoxide ion.
It takes place as am SN2 reaction of primary alkyl halide with an alkoxide ion.
The basic mechanism of reaction is:
R--O⁻ + R'--X -------→ R----O----R' X⁻
The Williamson ether synthesis consists of two separate reactions; preparation of alkoxide and its reaction with alkyl halide.
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A sample of ethanol (c2h5oh) contains 4.2x10^23 hydrogen atoms. how many c2h5oh molecules are in this sample?
There are 7.0 x 10^22 C2H5OH molecules in the sample.
Ethanol (also referred to as ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, consuming alcohol, or actually alcohol) is an organic chemical compound. It is simple alcohol with the chemical system C2H6O. Its method can be also written as CH3−CH2−OH or C2H5OH (an ethyl team linked to a hydroxyl group) and is regularly abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with an attribute wine-like odor and pungent taste. It is a psychoactive drug, a leisure drug, and an energetic ingredient in alcoholic drinks.
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A central theme in chemistry is that we study ______ changes in matter to understand their ______ causes.
A central theme in chemistry is that we study Observable changes in matter to understand their Unobservable causes.
Matter is a substance made up of a variety of sorts of particles that occupies physical house and has inertia. According to the standards of current physics, the a variety of sorts of particles every have a particular mass and size. The most acquainted examples of fabric particles are the electron, the proton and the neutron.
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Identify some materials that possess a non crystalline structure?3.1 what is the dilemma between design and manufacturing in terms of mechanical properties?
1) Many important materials are noncrystalline, such as liquids and gases. Water and air have noncrystalline structures. When a metal is melted, its crystalline structure is lost.
2) Mechanical properties such as high strength are desirable for design, but they make manufacturing more difficult. As a result, design properties disadvantage manufacturing properties and vice versa.
Give examples of non-crystalline solids.Non-crystalline solids, on the other hand, allow particles to move more freely because they are not as rigidly arranged as other solids. These solids form when a liquid is suddenly cooled. Plastic and glass are two of the most common examples.
Why are crystalline solids referred to as pseudo solids?As a result, they are referred to as "pseudo solids." Crystalline solids have less energy than non-crystalline solids. Solids are classified into two types: crystalline solids and non-crystalline solids.
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Anunknown carbon sample (z = 6) was found to contain two isotopes 12c and 14c, and measured to have an atomic mass of 12.8 amu, what is the fraction of 12c in the sample?
The fraction of 12c in the sample is 60% or 0.6
What are Isoptes?Isotopes are two or more different atom types that share the same atomic number and are placed in the periodic table but have different quantities of neutrons in their nuclei, resulting in various nucleon numbers. Or, any of two or more types of atoms of a chemical element that have the same atomic number and essentially the same chemical behavior, but have distinct atomic masses or mass numbers and different physical properties. Isotopes are atoms that are part of the same element and have the same atomic number Z but a different mass number A. For instance, three isotopes of the element carbon, with respective masses of 12, 13, and 14, are carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
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which elements have one valence electron?
Answer:
GOLDEN TRICK
Explanation:
GO TO ND ASK.
MARK 5 STAR FOR THIS BRILLIANT ADVICE.
Chemical Changes occur when the molecules of a substance are
(Blank) (Blank) and changed into a new substance with new (Blank)
Answer:
when molecules loose or gain electro it get charge and when it get attached with other charge molecules the form bond
ans is loose or gain ,bond
identify the properly written and balanced equation for the precipitation reaction between potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate.
Balanced equation for the precipitation reaction between potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate:
2K₃PO₄(aq) + 3MgSO₄ → Mg₃(PO₄)₂ + 3K₂SO₄
K₃PO₄ is the salt potassium phosphate, it is soluble in water
MgSO₄ is the salt magnesium sulfate
Mg₃(PO₄)₂ is the insoluble salt magnesium phosphate, it forms precipate in this reaction
K₂SO₄ is the salt potassium sulphate, it is soluble in water
In a precipitation reaction substances react to form one or more solid products (in this example magnesium phosphate).
This chemical reaction is double displacement reaction - cations and anions of the two reactants switch places and form two new compounds.
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A compound that occupies a receptor but does not activate the neuron is known as a(n)?
A compound that binds to a receptor but does not activate the neuron is known as an Antagonist.
A receptor is a large protein molecule on a neuron that gets activated when a ligand binds to it such as a drug or hormone, or when electrical impulses pass through it.
An antagonist is a drug or hormone that binds to receptor, but instead of activating the receptor, it blocks or dampens the activation of the neuron. Antagonist drugs are used to interfere with the normal function or operation of a protein receptor.
Depending on the nature of the antagonist or the receptor it's bound to, the effects of antagonists may be permanent or temporary.
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What is the state of hybridization of the central 0 atom in 03? describe the bonding in 03 in terms of delocalized molecular orbitals.
The hybridization of O in ozone molecule [tex]O_3[/tex] is [tex]sp^{2}[/tex]
The bond angle of ozone is 117.5° which is close to 120° , thus it show trigonal planar geometry and is [tex]sp^{2}[/tex] hybridized.
Bonding of oxygen in ozone can be stated as
Three sets of [tex]sp^{2}[/tex] hybrid orbital overlap to produce two [tex]O-O[/tex] σ bonds and five lone pair of electrons , two on both side oxygen atom and one pair on central atom.
The π bonding is formed by unhybridized [tex]2p_z[/tex] orbital on every oxygen atom . This π bonding is delocalized over all three oxygen atoms of ozone molecule.
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Which molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment? give the reason for your choice. a) so2 or so3
SO2 has a larger dipole moment than SO3 molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment
Dipole moment (μ) measures the net molecular polarity, which is the product of charge Q and the distance r between the charges μ=Q×r thus, the larger the difference in electronegativities of bonded atoms, the larger the dipole moment. the SO3 molecule has zero dipole moment SO3 (sulfur trioxide) molecule has the highly symmetrical trigonal planar geometry and each one of the individual S-O bond in the species is equally polar. trigonal planar with each O double bonded to S. so no dipole moment inSO3.
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Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. True or false?.
Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is true.
There are two examples of spontaneous movement: diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion is spontaneous movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis is the spontaneous movement of solvent molecules (in this example water) through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration (15 percent salt solution), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
The direction of osmotic pressure is always from the side with the lower concentration of solute to the side with the higher concentration.
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