The field of view in a compound light microscope decreases as the total magnification increases.
The concept of the field of view in a compound light microscope refers to the comprehensive expanse of the specimen under scrutiny that can be discerned through the ocular of the instrument.
As the total magnification is augmented, whether by incorporating more powerful objective lenses or by escalating the magnification factor of the eyepiece, the field of view necessarily dwindles.
This reduction in the field of view is an inevitable outcome of the increased magnification, which hones in on a restricted portion of the specimen, thereby affording a more meticulous and magnified representation of that specific region, but at the cost of a curtailed general panoramic view of the specimen.
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why does the level of tsh increase in hypothyroidism? what happpens to the level of tsh in hyperthyroidsm? g
Firstly hypothyroidism the TSH levels that are elevated due to loss of negative inhibition of anterior pituitary.
The deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt things such as heart rate, body temperature as well as metabolism.
In case of hyperthyroidism the indication is generally by low TSH levels. Hyperthyroidism is the abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland. It is an organ which is situated in the front of our neck. The function of thyroid gland is to release hormones that regulate our body’s use of energy. In other words, the presence of high thyroid levels is an indication that our thyroid gland is overactive and it makes more thyroid hormones than our body needs, which causes hyperthyroidism.
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are the hormones that are released by the thyroid gland and they play an important role in the way our entire body functions. For this reason, the imbalance, such as high T4, can have far-reaching effects on almost every aspect of our health.
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are the major form of lipids found in foods and in the human body. multiple choice question. lipoproteins sterols phospholipids triglycerides
The primary lipid found in foods in the body is in the form of triglycerides therefore, option 4 is the right choice.
The fundamental units of the composition and operation of living cells are lipid molecules, which are hydrocarbon-containing molecules. Lipids contain things like fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins (including A, D, E, and K), hormones, and the majority of the cell membrane that isn't protein.
Triglycerides make up more than 95% of the lipids in the diet; some are obvious and some are buried in food. The marbling of fat in meat and concentrated fats (like butter and vegetable oil) are readily apparent.
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the fact that genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that are unchanged when passed from generation to generation is best explained by the .
The fact that genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that are unchanged when passed from generation to generation is best explained by the particulate theory of inheritance.
Particulate inheritance is a pattern of inheritance discovered by Mendelian genetics theorists, such as William Bateson, Ronald Fisher, or Gregor Mendel himself, demonstrating that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through "discrete particles" known as genes, which can maintain their ability to express while not always showing up in a descending generation.
According to the notion of particulate inheritance, distinct "particles" are handed down from parents to children. Although Mendel referred to them as "particles," we now understand that they are true "genes." These guidelines make up the so-called system of gene-based particle inheritance.
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a neuron responds best to a spot of light that is the size of the excitatory center of the receptive field. this is because of .
Center-surround antagonism. Antagonism between the centre and surround areas of the photoreceptor neuron cells receptive fields is referred to as center-surround antagonism.
Edge detection and contrast amplification are made possible by center-surround antagonism in the visual cortex. Many visual and somatosensory neurons exhibit this property, in which activation in the centre of the receptive field causes opposing responses to stimulation in the periphery. The centre of the receptive field experiences an increase in firing or cellular response when a small bright spot lands there, while the periphery has a decrease in cellular response. Both excitatory and inhibitory regions can be found in center-surround receptive fields.
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which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? group of answer choices phospholipids mrna dna amino acids
mRNA leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane. The membrane or envelope, a double lipid bilayer membrane, surrounds the chromosomes and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear membrane which refer to the type of membrane that lines the nucleus of a cell (or nuclear envelope). The nucleolus and genetic material are inside i.e., chromosomes and DNA. Two layers are formed by the membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum, which is a distinct group of membranes in the cell, is connected to it. The nuclear membrane resembles a significant number of nuclear pores. They are enormous, hollow proteins with a 100 nm-diameter, 40 nm-wide inner channel. They link the internal and external nuclear membranes. To allow the mitosis during cell division, the nuclear membrane discrete.
The complete question is:
Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?
a. phospholipids
b. mRNA
c. DNA
d. amino acids
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define the terms diffusion, passive transport, active transport, and osmosis. in each of your definitions, describe the role of a concentration gradient.
Both osmosis and diffusion are passive transport processes, meaning that no additional energy is needed for them to take place.
Particles migrate from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration in both diffusion and osmosis. When a region has a higher particle concentration than another, this is known as a concentration gradient.
A concentration gradient will cause particles in "passive transport" to diffuse down it from higher concentration to lower concentration until they are evenly spaced. Diffusion is the process by which chemicals travel passively from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. A concentration gradient is a difference in the concentration of one substance throughout a physical region.
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steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the: a. cell membrane. b. nucleus of the cell and cell membrane. c. nucleus of the cell. d. cytoplasm of the cell.
Steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the nucleus and cell membrane of the cell. So the correct option is option B.
The most widely studied class of steroid hormone receptors are the nuclear receptors, named for their function as ligand-dependent transcription factors in the cell nucleus. Steroid hormone action in musculoskeletal cells involves membrane receptors and the rapid cellular responses to regulate gene expression via signaling cascades. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is an intracellular steroid hormone receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of proteins. The MR mediates the physiological action of two important adrenal steroid hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol that have important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days.
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Enzyme that adds nucleotides to expose nitrogen bases______
Polymerase. A DNA polymerase enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the 3′ end of the template during elongation.
The base-pairing rules are followed by DNA polymerases as they add nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases. The original DNA molecule splits into two copies that are identical to it. DNA polymerase, an enzyme, is one of the essential components in DNA replication. In order to create DNA, DNA polymerases add nucleotides one at a time to the developing DNA chain, only integrating those that are complementary to the template. One nucleotide at a time, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a DNA strand's three primary (3')-end. DNA polymerases are essential for duplicating the cell's DNA during cell division.
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initial attachment of microorganisms often involves
Initial attachment of microorganisms often involves outer surface appendages and outer membrane adhesion proteins which will contribute to the initial biofilm attachment process.
A biofilm is created by growth of microorganisms and they also synthesize and secrete polymers that help in matrix development and adhesion, which changes the phenotypic of the organisms' growth and gene transcription.
A multivalent protein is the protein association between the adhesin and the extracellular matrix component fibronectin mediates the binding of the outer membrane adhesion factor MAM7 in proteins to host cells. Most of them have cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains and are the typical transmembrane proteins.
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In a prokaryotic cell, all of the following are functions of either fimbriae or pili EXCEPT __________.O transfer of DNAO protection from phagocytosisO formation of biofilmsO attachment to a surface
The function of fimbriae and pili in prokaryotic cells is primarily for attachment to a surface and transfer of DNA.
Prokaryotic cells have thin, hair-like features called fimbriae and pili that have different purposes. In the process of conjugation, which involves the exchange of genetic material (DNA) between bacterial cells, fimbriae and pili are involved. They enable the bacteria to build biofilms and adhere to surfaces.Fimbriae and pili do not serve as phagocytosis defense mechanisms. Phagocytosis is the process by which bacteria and other foreign particles are engulfed and broken down by cells. Size, form, the presence of a capsule, and the production of certain enzymes that can lyse the phagocytic cells are some of the elements that determine a bacterium's capacity to survive phagocytosis.
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Which zoologist stated that all cells act as the primary building blocks of life?
Answer: Theodor Schwann
Explanation: Botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life, and that all the new cells come from existing cells.
escherichia coli belongs to the question 1 options: green sulfur bacteria. proteobacteria. spirochetes. gram-positive bacteria. actinomycetes.
Escherichia coli belongs to Proteobacteria.
What group does E. coli belong to?Proteobacteria is a large group of bacteria. It includes a pathogen such as Salmonella, Escherichia, and other genera.
All proteobacteria are Gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria have outer membranes mainly made of lipopolysaccharide and have a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall. Besides that, gram-negative look pale reddish color after gram staining.
Escherichia coli also known as E.coli, is a member of Gammaproteobacteria, with belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are gram-negative bacillus, coliform, and facultative anaerobes. Although many strains of Escherichia coli are commensal in the human gastrointestinal tract, some of them are pathogenic or cause a variety of diseases.
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explain how milk proteins travel from where they are produced to the outside of the cell. you should name at least three differerent organelles in the pathway.
Proteins are carried in vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where they are further processed and sorted for transport to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or cell secretion.
An organelle is a specialized subunit of a cell that performs certain duties. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contains organelles. Organelles in more complex eukaryotic cells are frequently surrounded by their own lipid bilayers. The term organelle comes from the assumption that these structures constitute components of cells. Organelles, like the internal organs of the body, are specialized and perform important functions required for regular cellular activity.
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beta-sheets are a type of secondary structure and are found in every protein. true or false
This statement is wrong. Beta sheets are not found in all proteins.
A beta-pleated protein sheet is a type of protein secondary structure. It consists of various beta strands connected by hydrogen bonds between adjacent strands. Three to ten amino acids join together to make a β-strand polypeptide. Many proteins contain both α-helices and β-sheets, but some proteins contain only one type of secondary structure (or form neither type). A beta sheet is a type of secondary structure that describes how the backbone of a protein is arranged in space. It consists of at least two beta strands.
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Where are the paired sympathetic trunk ganglia located?
The paired sympathetic trunk ganglia are found in the sympathetic trunks, which are two lengthy chains of ganglia that span from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
Typically, there are 3 cervical, 11 or 12 thoracic, 4 or 5 lumbar, 4 or 5 sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia, and 1 coccygeal ganglion. The right and left coccygeal ganglia are fused together and usually lie at the midline.
Although the sympathetic trunk ganglia extend inferiorly from the neck, chest, and abdomen to the coccyx, they receive preganglionic axons only from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.The stellate ganglion is formed when the first thoracic ganglion and the inferior cervical ganglion unite.
The thoracic sympathetic chain is divided into the following branches: rami communicans (the ganglia have afferent white and efferent gray rami to the corresponding spinal nerves, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers are distributed to various structures through the gray rami)
Postganglionic fibers (the first five ganglia give postganglionic fibers to the heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus); and (the lower eight ganglia mainly give preganglionic fibers that form the splanchnic nerves, which supply the abdominal viscera).
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True or False: DNA comparisons represents scientific evidence that life changed over time.
The statement " DNA comparisons represent scientific evidence that life changed over time" is true.
What is DNA?DNA is the genetic material of living beings. It is present inside the nucleus of the cells. It is found in coiled for. Furthermore, it is different for every human being, and the DNA of families matches to some extent.
Evolution is a fact. All living beings evolve over time and this is caused by many factors, this cause changes in old and new generations. So, by comparing DNA, we can find out evidence for the changes over time.
Therefore, the statement is true.
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what discovery did altman and cech make that convinced them that rna was the macromolecule from which evolution of life began?
This RNA shearing as well as splicing requires enzymes, just like all other chemical reactions inside a cell.
Altman and Cech made their startling discovery that the enzymes were nucleic acids rather than proteins while looking again for enzymatic proteins of the these reactions.
Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech of the United States received this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovering that RNA (ribonucleic acid), a molecule of heredity in living cells, can also act as a biocatalyst.
For their discovery that RNA vigorously facilitates chemical reactions in cells, molecular biologist Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech (1947-) were jointly awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Altman and Cech independently identified a new function for RNA.
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in the plasma membrane of cells, the phospholipids are arranged in a___
Phospholipids are organized in two layers in the plasma membrane of cells.
The fundamental components of a cell membrane are phospholipids. A single phospholipid molecule has a head and a tail, which are two distinct ends. The head end is hydrophilic and has a phosphate group. This indicates that it is drawn to or favors water molecules.
Two fatty acid chains, or strings of hydrogen and carbon atoms, make up the tail end. These chains do not enjoy mixing with water molecules, or they are hydrophobic. A cell membrane's phospholipids are structured in a double layer known as a lipid bilayer. The hydrophilic phosphate heads are consistently positioned close to water. Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are both examples of watery fluids (extracellular fluid).
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Based on the cell theory, which of the following is true?
All cells perform the same function.
All cells are of the same size and shape.
Organisms can have only one or many cells.
Cells vary in size depending on the size of the organism.
Based on the cell theory, Organisms can have only one or many cells is true.
What do you mean by cell theory?Cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Everything that lives is made up of cells. The second part of cell theory was that new cells are formed from preexisting cells. The third part is that all cells are similar. Finally, cells are the most basic units of life.
Cells removed from tissues can survive independently for short periods of time. Nothing smaller than a cell has been found to be able to live independently. Experiments by Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur have demonstrated that cells cannot grow in sealed and sterile conditions.
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roughly what percent of human protein-coding genes are thought to be alternatively spliced?
Alternative splicing is predicted to occur in around 95% of human protein-coding genes.
What are genes?A gene is a piece of genetic data found in the DNA of an organism. It includes the instructions needed to create a certain protein, which serves a particular purpose in the cell. DNA, which is made up of the four chemical building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, makes up genes.
As a result, the proteome becomes more complex because a single gene can now produce several proteins. Between genes and tissues, alternative splicing varies widely, with some genes producing only a small number of isoforms while others can create dozens. The various functions of proteins in cells and the requirement for many isoforms in various tissues or developmental stages have been used as explanations for the diversity of splicing.
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when do cells divide? multiple select question. when neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells when they grow large enough to have enough cytoplasm to distribute to their two daughter cells when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn when they have replicated their dna, so they can give each daughter cell a duplicate set of genes
Explanation:
they receive signals from other cells that the tissue needs more cells because of an injury or increased demand
If chromosomes are not properly copied during mitosis, what are some potential consequences?
Answer: i think they generate changes in chromosome content
Explanation:
Microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called?
the concept that defines a species on the basis of a set of unique features (morphological or genetic) that distinguish its members from other, related species is called the
The concept that defines a species on the basis of a set of unique features (morphological or genetic) that distinguish its members from other, related species is called the Phylogenetic species concept.
What is a Phylogenetic species concept?
A species is the smallest group of organisms that share an ancestor and can be identified from other groups of organisms of a similar size. This notion is known as phylogenetic species. According to this definition, a ring species is a single species that exhibits significant phenotypic diversity.
Procedure: Look for constant states within and among populations. Species can be diagnosed using either unique characters or unique combinations of characters.
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why is turner syndrome not considered to be inherited?
The turner syndrome not considered to be inherited because it occurs when one of the two X chromosomes normally found in women is missing or incomplete.
When most or all of an X chromosome is missing from the cells in a girl's body, she develops Turner syndrome. Typically, each parent contributes one X chromosome to a daughter. The mistake that results in the missing chromosome seems to occur when the egg or sperm are being formed. The most prevalent sex chromosomal anomaly in females is the Turner syndrome, commonly known as congenital ovarian hypoplasia syndrome.
Turner syndrome is not typically passed down through families. One of the two X chromosomes that are typically present in women is absent or insufficient in Turner syndrome patients. Even though the main mechanism of Turner syndrome is unknown, it appears to result from a chance mistake made as the eggs or sperm are being formed.
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How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to global warming?(1 point) responses burning fossil fuels removes carbon dioxide and other gases from the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels removes carbon dioxide and other gases from the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels introduces carbon dioxide to parts of the atmosphere that never had it. burning fossil fuels introduces carbon dioxide to parts of the atmosphere that never had it. burning fossil fuels adds greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels adds greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels removes oxygen and other gases from the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels removes oxygen and other gases from the atmosphere.
Burning fossil fuels contributes to global warming by adding greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere.
The release of these gases traps heat in the atmosphere and causes the temperature of the earth to rise. This increase in temperature is referred to as global warming and can have devastating effects on the planet's ecosystems, including the melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and more frequent and intense natural disasters. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main driver of global warming and it is primarily caused by the burning of fossil fuels for energy.
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The bar graph shows the energy of the skater, where could she be on the track?
She is at the starting point with maximum kinetic energy.
Define kinetic energy.
The energy an object has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy in physics. It is described as the effort required to move a mass-determined body from rest to the indicated velocity. The body holds onto the kinetic energy it acquired during its acceleration until its speed changes.
Energy that is capable of changing into another form of energy is called potential energy. The potential energy of an object is influenced by its physical characteristics and location within a system. Potential energy is the energy that is stored in any object or system as a result of its position or component arrangement.
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chickens have a diploid chromosome number of 78. how many bivalents are there in a cell that is in the prophase of meiosis i stage of the cell cycle?
Bivalents are there in a cell that is in the prophase of meiosis i stage of the cell cycle will be 78/2 = 39.
One of the methods of cell division that results in four daughter cells is called meiosis. These cells have half of the number of chromosomes when compared to the parent cell.
The first and longest step of meiosis-i is called prophase i. The second step of meiosis-i is called metaphase i.
In prophase of meiosis-i stage of the cell cycle the number of bivalents which will be as a pair. It will the half of diploid chromosome number of 78.
This is also known as homologous pairs of chromosomes.
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sexual selection may result in sexual dimorphism. is one type of artificial selection. typically occurs after mating has already taken place. explains why sexual reproduction occurs in so many species.
Sexual reproduction occurs in so many species because sexuаl reproduction produces а new combinаtion of genes in the offspring thаt mаy better enаble them to survive chаnges in the environment аnd аssist in the survivаl of the species.
Why is sexual reproduction so common?The vаriаtion thаt sexuаl reproduction creаtes аmong offspring is very importаnt to the survivаl аnd reproduction of those offspring. The only source of vаriаtion in аsexuаl orgаnisms is mutаtion. This is the ultimаte source of vаriаtion in sexuаl orgаnisms. In аddition, those different mutаtions аre continuаlly reshuffled from one generаtion to the next when different pаrents combine their unique genomes, аnd the genes аre mixed into different combinаtions by the process of meiosis.
Meiosis is the division of the contents of the nucleus thаt divides the chromosomes аmong gаmetes. Vаriаtion is introduced during meiosis, аs well аs when the gаmetes combine in fertilizаtion.
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the choices below each list three groups of organisms. for which choice, do all three groups include members that fit the definition of a microbe ? a. algae, fungi, animals b. microanimals, archaea, plants c. protozoans, bacteria, your liver d. viruses, algae, archaea e. none of the above
viruses, algae, archaea belongs to the same group member as they have classified under the category of microorganisms. These are also called microbes.
A microorganism, often known as a microbe, is a living entity with one or more cells that is minuscule. Sixth-century BC texts, particularly those found in the Jain scriptures of India, show skepticism toward the likelihood of microscopic life. When Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed microorganisms under a microscope in the 1670s, the scientific study of them had only recently started. Louis Pasteur's finding that bacteria were responsible for food spoilage in the 1850s disproved the notion of spontaneous creation. Robert Koch discovered in the 1880s that cholera, diphtheria, TB, and anthrax were all caused by germs.
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