Anaerobic bacteria only have the ability to ferment to obtain energy.
To gain energy for development, anaerobic bacteria digest amino acids and carbohydrates. Low free energy relative to aerobic oxidations are the result of the substrate of a fermentation having to act as both an electron donor and acceptor in the absence of oxygen and other inorganic electron acceptors. Up until around ten years ago, it was believed that anaerobes solely utilised substrate level phosphorylation (SLP), a process that could only conserve a portion of the available energy. Anaerobes were therefore considered to be ineffective and inefficient energy savers. This viewpoint was altered by the identification of electrochemical gradients produced by ferredoxin- or biotin-dependent decarboxylations of . Oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoacids and the recently discovered flavin-based electron bifurcation produce reduced ferredoxin (FBEB).
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James Watson was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering that DNA has a shape called?
The discovery in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Marked a watershed moment in science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is primarily concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells.
Watson suddenly realized in the spring of 1953 that the basic DNA components—four organic bases—must be connected in definite pairs. This finding was critical in allowing Watson and Crick to develop a chemical model for DNA—a double helix, which may be compared to a spiraling staircase or a twisting ladder.
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you are maintaining a small population of fruit flies in the laboratory by transferring the flies to a new culture bottle after each generation. after several generations, you notice the viability of the flies has decreased greatly. recognizing that small population size is likely to be linked to decreased viability, the best way to reverse this trend is to
While maintaining a small population of fruit flies in the lab, we notice that the population is showing decreased viability and this trend can be reversed by mating the flies with flies from another lab.
Drosophila or fruits flies are very important in labs and help us conduct and study through a number of genetic experiments. Genetic viability can be basically defined as the ability of the genes that are present to allow a particular cell, organism or a population to survive as well as reproduce. This term is generally used to mean the chance or the ability of a population to avoid the problems of inbreeding.
In our experiment if we observe that the viability of the population is decreasing, we will have to mate the flies with the flies of another lab in order to reverse the trend.
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Sunlight and chlorophyll play major roles in photosynthesis. What happens when sunlight strikes a plant’s leaves?
answer choices
chlorophyll captures oxygen.
chlorophyll captures light energy
chlorophyll releases light energy
chlorophyll releases carbon dioxide
Answer:
chlorophyll captures light energy
Explanation:
Light has photons which are like tiny packets of energy. when light strikes chlorophyll, it captures that energy to make its electron vibrate and drive photosynthesis.
Indicate the steps in order that bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis use to obtain ferric iron from the environment.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis follows the following steps to obtain the ferric iron from the environment: M. tuberculosis first secretes siderophore into the environment then the siderophore binds to iron. Siderophore iron complex binds to surface and then enters the cytoplasm and then ferric ion is released.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a type of bacteria which requires iron for the purpose of normal growth but also faces a limitation of the iron metal ion as it has a low solubility at biological pH. The bacteria follows a few steps by which it obtains iron from the environment.
The first step is when M. tuberculosis secretes the siderophore into the environment. In the second step the siderophore binds to the iron. Then, the siderophore complex binds to the surface and hydrolysis of ATP occurs by the ABC transporter because of which the complex enters the cell. The ferric ions is then finally released for the bacterium to use.
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the cerebellum is connected to the brain stem at the . group of answer choices pons midbrain medulla oblongata diencephalon
The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem at the Pons.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
A portion of your brain called the cerebellum is situated in the back of your skull, right above and below the area where your spinal cord attaches to your brain. Latin origins of the word "cerebellum" translate it as "small brain."
For many years, scientists thought the cerebellum's function was to coordinate your muscles. Technology advancements have demonstrated that your cerebellum is capable of much more. Numerous aspects of the cerebellum, particularly how it interacts with the rest of your neural system, are still unknown to scientists.
At the base of this organ, close to the back of your skull, is a tiny portion of your brain called the cerebellum. The largest region of your brain, the cerebrum, contains the areas described above and forward of the cerebellum.
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predict the effects of a pancreatic tumor that secretes insulin. how would the effects change if the tumor secreted glucagon instead?
Extreme hypoglycemia would result from an insulin secreting tumour because the extra insulin would cause glucose to be taken up, stored, and eliminated from the circulation.
A tumour that secretes glucagon would result in hyperglycemia because of excessive glucose synthesis and release. Tumors in the pancreas are known as insulinomas. They produce more insulin than your body can utilise. Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can be brought on by insulinomas. Confusion, perspiration, weakness, and a quick heartbeat can all be symptoms of low blood sugar. Your pancreas produces the hormone glucagon to aid in controlling your blood glucose (sugar) levels. A different hormone, insulin, lowers blood sugar levels, whereas glucagon raises it and keeps it from falling too low.
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What characteristics of chlamydomonas are typical of protists in general?
The characteristics of Chlamydomonas that are typical of protists, in general, are unicellular, eukaryotic, and share certain characteristics with animals or plants, and fungi.
Is Chlamydomonas protist?Protist is a group of eukaryotic that share certain characteristic with animals or plants or both. The term of protist refers to a eukaryotic organism that is not a true animal, fungi, or plant. Algae is included in a protist.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular green algae and eukaryotic. Even though it is one cell, it has a nucleus. The cell contains chloroplast which is similar to the plant. We can say that Chlamydomonas is a photosynthetic organism. Then, Chlamydomonas is motile and has flagella for moving.
From this characteristic, although Chlamydomonas is unicellular, it has common features with plants and animals. Thus, Chlamydomonas belongs to protists.
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which of the following is a true statement in reference to melatonin? 1. it is secreted by the pineal gland 2. it is stimulated by sunlight 3. it is a derivative of serotonin 4. it is part of the hypothalamus
Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland.
What is Melatonin?
Melatonin is a hormone that is naturally produced in the body. It helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. It is primarily released by the pineal gland in response to darkness. Low levels of melatonin can cause difficulty sleeping and other sleep disorders. It is often used as a supplement to help with insomnia and jet lag and may also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
The body's production of melatonin varies throughout the day, depending on the amount of light exposure. Generally, melatonin production starts to increase when it gets dark outside, peaking in the middle of the night. The production of melatonin then drops off in the morning as light increases.
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With global warming, mosquito populations are spreading further north into the United States, thus bringing more disease. Explain how YOU think genes for resistance to disease become common in populations.
Natural selection, a process that occurs in populations, results in the spread of genes for disease resistance. One of the mechanics of evolution is slow change, which is what this is.
What is disease-related genetic resistance?Genetic disease resistance, which involves immune and non-immune systems and refers to an animal's innate ability to fight disease when confronted by pathogens, is an alternate strategy for solving this issue.
Why are genes for disease resistance significant?Plant disease resistance (R) genes can recognize a pathogen invasion and enable a defence mechanism against the infection. Numerous plant R-genes have been employed in crop improvement efforts in the past with varied degrees of success, and many of them are still being used today.
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Why do you need to start with the lowest magnification to examine a specimen?
The 4x objective lens, with the least magnification but the largest field of view, makes it possible to see more of the specimen and find the area of the sample you want to see. So, it becomes simpler to concentrate on the sample.
What exactly is a specimen?Anything demonstrated or investigated as an illustration; a typical example: Rare bug specimens are in his collection. medical A specimen is a tiny sample of material that is taken for testing, such blood or urine.
What are three specimens, for instance?Numerous specimen types, such as sera, epidemiology swab specimens, biopsy and bone marrow biopsy tissue, spinal fluid, and whole blood, are advised for the detection of immunological illnesses.
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A scientist is studying three different plant species that appear to be closely related. All three are found in a wide variety of environments and are very similar in appearance. Which of the following would provide the best evidence regarding the evolutionary relationship of these three species?
A. Comparing the different climates in which the species can be found
B. Comparing the DNA of each species to see which are most similar
C. Determining whether the plants are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction
D. Determining which types of animals eat each species
Answer: option B
Explanation:
Answer: B. Comparing the DNA of each species to see which are most similar
Explanation: DNA carries the genetic information that determines an organism's traits and characteristics. By comparing the DNA sequences of these plant species, scientists can identify similarities and differences in their genetic makeup.
If the DNA sequences of the three plant species are very similar, it would suggest that they share a common ancestor and are closely related. On the other hand, if the DNA sequences are significantly different, it would indicate that the three species are not closely related and may have evolved separately.
Comparing DNA sequences is a powerful tool in studying evolutionary relationships because it provides a direct and objective measure of genetic similarity. Other factors like the climates in which the species can be found, their reproductive capabilities, or the types of animals that eat them may provide some insights into their adaptation and distribution, but they may not be as reliable in determining their evolutionary relationship as DNA comparison.
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Fill in the blank with: maple, cedar, mango, elm, pine. Evergreens are plants that maintain their leaves in all seasons and include trees such as _____, _____, _____, and _____
Evergreens are plants that maintain their leaves in all seasons and include trees such as cedar, mango, and pine.
An evergreen plant in botany is one that has leaves that stay healthy and green for more than one growing season. In contrast to deciduous plants, which fully lose their foliage in the winter or dry season, this also applies to plants that only retain their leaves in warm climes. Evergreen trees also shed their leaves, although they do so gradually rather than all at once. While species occurring in seasonally arid regions may be either evergreen or deciduous, the majority of tropical rainforest plants are regarded to be evergreens, replacing their leaves gradually throughout the year as the leaves age and fall. Most plants that thrive in warm, temperate climates are evergreen. A smaller number of plants are evergreen in cool temperate areas.
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secretes enzymes to facilitate the digestion of all three macronutrients is
Digestional enzymes are produced by your pancreas, small intestine, and stomach.
Are you able to survive without a pancreas?Although you may survive without a pancreas, you will need to take medications to do the same functions in your body. New drugs have increased the life duration following pancreatic removal surgery.Your pancreas produces chemicals that regulate the blood sugar and aid in meal digestion.
What foods are beneficial to the pancreas?To maintain the health of your pancreas, focus on consuming meals that appear to be high in protein, low in animal fats, and rich in antioxidants. Try lean meats, clear soups, beans and lentils, as well as dairy alternatives (such as flax milk and almond milk). Your pancreas won't have to work as hard to process them.
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did adding animals change the cycling of water in your terrarium? describe what you observed using data from your experiment. if there were changes, why do you think they occured? if no changes occured why do you think there were none?
Generally speaking, the presence of animals in a terrarium can impact the water cycle by increasing the amount of water lost through transpiration and respiration, and by producing waste that can affect the water's chemistry. If changes were observed in the water cycle after adding animals, the causes would need to be determined through careful observation and analysis of the data collected.
an individual has a lesion that produces a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord at level t3 (inferior to the brachial plexus). the symptoms that would be expected include:
A person has a lesion at level T3 inferior to the brachial plexus that causes a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord. The predicted symptoms include loss of proprioception in the lower left limb including T4 and all lower spinal nerves, hence response choice (a) is accurate.
A considerable rise in brachial plexus injuries over the past century has been linked to an increase in the frequency of motor vehicle accidents. There are presently new imaging tests available to assess brachial plexus injuries. In order to evaluate the brachial plexus, myelography, CT myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are recommended. Additionally, a number of specialized electrodiagnostic and nerve conduction tests in conjunction with the clinical outcomes from the neurologic examination can reveal details about the site of the lesion, the severity of the damage, and the likely course of the patient's condition. The prognosis and functional outcome of these kinds of injuries have undergone a significant shift as a result of advancements in diagnostic methods and microsurgical procedures.
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The complete question is:
An individual has a lesion that produces a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord at level T3 (inferior to the brachial plexus). The symptoms that would be expected include:
a. a loss of proprioception & fine touch on the left side of the body involving T4 and all lower spinal nerves.
b. a spastic paralysis (upper motor neuron damage) of muscles in the left lower limb that are innervated by T4 and lower spinal nerves.
c. a flaccid paralysis (lower motor neuron injury) of the right arm and loss of proprioception from the left leg.
d. a loss of pain & temperature sensation on the left lower limb involving T4 and all lower spinal nerves.
e. a flaccid paralysis (damage to lower motor neurons) of the right arm and loss of tickling & itching from the right leg.
what data allowed researchers to conclude that there was a significant gene-environment interaction affecting larval foraging behavior in fruit flies?
The rover and sitter genotypes reacted similarly in the absence of food, but differently when it is there. Fruit fly chromosomes exhibit straight, dark stripes along the length of them when chemically stained.
The environment of specific genes are matched by these bands. Scientists initially got a peek of genetic differences between species and individuals in the chromosomes of fruit flies.
Because they are drawn to ripening or fermenting fruits and vegetables, fruit flies can be a nuisance any time of the year, but they are more prevalent in the late summer and early fall. Bringing in perishable foods from the garden, such as tomatoes, melons, squash, grapes, etc., is frequently the catalyst for an infestation to start indoors.
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the term describes business processes that have been transformed to move bits rather than molecules is?
Virtualization is the term which describes business processes that have been transformed to move bits rather than molecules.
Information contained on physical hardware (or the physical hardware itself) is transformed into a virtual environment through the process of virtualization. Through the use of software, virtualization can divide the hardware components of a single computer, such as its processors, memory, storage, and other components, into several virtual computers, also known as virtual machines (VMs).
The smallest component of a chemical element or compound, a molecule possesses the chemical characteristics of that element or compound. Atoms may be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different if they have more than one (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom).
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if a population has an allele a1 frequency of 0.35 and an allele a2 frequency of 0.65, what is the expected frequency of the a2a2 genotype? answers have 2 decimal places.
The expected frequency of the a2a2 genotype in this population is 0.4225.
This can be calculated by multiplying the frequency of allele a2 (0.65) by itself, since the a2a2 genotype only consists of two copies of allele a2.
This is an example of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, which states that the frequency of a genotype in a population is equal to the product of the frequencies of the alleles that make up that genotype.
This equation is based on the assumption that the population is in equilibrium, meaning that all individuals can breed with each other and that the frequency of alleles in the population is constant.
It also assumes that there is no mutation or natural selection, and that all alleles are equally likely to be passed on to the next generation.
The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a useful tool for predicting the expected frequencies of genotypes in a population given the frequencies of the alleles that make up those genotypes.
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a student is working on an experimental study in which cells have an icf osmolarity of 200 mosm. these cells are then placed into a 250 mosm solution. what happens to cell volume under these conditions?
Explanation:
Under these conditions, the cell volume will increase as the environment becomes more dilute than the internal cell environment. This is because more water will move from the outside environment into the cell, causing the cell to swell.
which two cells (combination of two half cells), when added together in series to assemble a battery, will result in a total potential of
The total potential of a battery is determined by the combination of two half cells added together in series. When two half cells are added together in series, their potential difference is added, resulting in the total potential of the battery.
For example, if one half cell has a potential of 1.5V and the other half cell has a potential of 2.0V, then the total potential of the battery will be 3.5V. The choice of half cells depends on the desired voltage, current, and energy output of the battery. Common half cells used in batteries include copper and zinc, nickel and cadmium, and lead and acid. These half cells can be combined in a variety of ways to create batteries with different voltage and energy outputs, making them useful for a wide range of applications, from powering small electronic devices to providing energy storage for large-scale renewable energy systems.
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name the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates secretion from the highlighted gland.
ADH, also known as corticotropin, is a hormone that stimulates the production of cortisol and other hormones by your adrenal glands, which are located above your kidneys.
Four hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes regulate the actions of other endocrine glands. These hormones include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), by your adrenal glands, which are located above your kidneys and luteinizing hormones (LH).
The hypothalamus's synthesis of hormones regulates the anterior pituitary's ability to secrete hormones. Despite the fact that hormones come in a variety of forms, there are primarily two types: hormones instructing the pituitary to start producing a certain hormone (a releasing hormone).
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from 2011 to 2018, espn lost 14 million cable tv subscribers, costing the company over a billion dollars annually. T/F
The given statement "from 2011 to 2018, ESPN lost 14 million cable TV subscribers, costing the company over a billion dollars annually" is true because ESPN company didn't saw the massive locomotive of market change.
The cable and broadcast industries' deafness to cord cutting and the change of the TV market has long been epitomised by ESPN. Executives sued businesses that tried to provide customers more options for how to watch videos, in addition to spending years underplaying the trend as something merely impoverished people do.
The "worldwide leader in sports," which still has to bear the high costs of set redesigns and sports licencing agreements the company made while it was preoccupied with other business and oblivious to the huge locomotive of market shift bearing down upon it, lost 14 million users that generated approximately $1.44 billion annually.
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Which of these glands produces a hormone that guides the development and maturation of T cells?
Thyroid gland produces a hormone that guides the development and maturation of T cells.
Thyroid is structurally a butterfly-shaped gland present at the front portion of trachea. Glands primary function is regulation of body metabolism by production of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 from iodine.
Thyroid gland also helps secretes two main hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine and release them to the bloodstream. Thyroid hormones are the main stimulating hormones in the body that control biological processes those are growth, reproduction, development, and metabolism. Hence , Thyroid gland helps development and maturation of T cells.
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what type of epithelium contains cells able to withstand a significant amount of stretch?
The type of epithelium contains cells able to withstand a significant amount of stretch is "stratified squamous epithelium."
What is "stratified squamous epithelium"?
The skin and lining of the esophagus are two examples of this type of epithelium, which is composed of several layers of flat, scale-like cells and is located in places of the body that are frequently subjected to physical stress. Stratified squamous epithelium can tolerate stretching and other kinds of physical stress due to the numerous layers and the hardness of the cells.
It is defined by its ability to tolerate stretching and other types of physical stress due to the numerous layers and hardness of its cells and is found in places of the body that are subjected to physical stress, such as the skin and the lining of the esophagus. Stratified squamous epithelium has a protective role in addition to aiding in sensation and thermoregulation, preventing water loss and the admission of hazardous chemicals.
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two genes of a flower, one controlling blue (b) versus white (b) petals and the other controlling round (r) versus oval (r) stamens, are linked and are 10 map units apart. you cross a homozygous blue-oval plant with a homozygous white-round plant. the resulting f1 progeny are crossed with homozygous white-oval plants, and 1,000 f2 progeny are obtained. how many f2 plants of each of the four phenotypes do you expect? blue-oval : white-round: blue-round : white-oval express your answer as four whole numbers separated by colons (for example, 400:300:200:100).
The physical traits of an organism, such as its size, color, and form, are referred to as phenotypes. The F2 generation of plants have phenotypes that combine their color (purple or white) and shape (round or wrinkled).
What are the possible results of homozygous cross?A homozygous blue-oval plant was crossed with a homozygous white-oval plant to produce F1 progeny, which were then crossed with white-oval plants to produce 1000 F2 progeny plants. The petals and other regulating round vs oval plants were linked and 10 map units apart.
In addition to behavioral factors like IQ and temperament, phenotypes in the F2 generation also include observable characteristics that are a combination of genes from both parents. Phenomena will include BbRr (purple, round), Bbrr(purple, wrinkled).
Therefore, The predicted ratio of the four phenotypes in F2 plants is 250:250:250:250.
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you built this tree using only dna information. why was examining dna better than considering physical traits? select one: a. physical traits in single-celled organisms are hard to examine. b. organisms that behave differently can be genetically similar. c. certain traits evolve multiple times in multiple species, and dna helps us track those changes. d. all of the above
Physical traits in single-celled organisms are hard to examine. So, the correct option is A.
What is Physical trait?Physical characteristic defined as the external phenotype or look of a human being where there are infinite variations in human phenotype, however society tends to reduce variability into distinct categories.
These are those aspects of appearance that are visually apparent to others even when there is no other information about the person which can include a variety of things.
Thus, Physical traits in single-celled organisms are hard to examine. So, the correct option is A.
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match the description to the correct term; among choices a-f - only used once and not all are used. - flat, convex, or raised - uniform fine turbidity - pellicle growth - sediment a. descriptions of the colony elevation b. a motile bacterium might exhibit this in liquid culture c. bacterial type forming a thick floating mass of cells on the surface of a liquid culture d. mass of bacterial cells settling at the bottom of a liquid culture tube e. refer to descriptions of the colony shape f. refer to descriptions of the colony margin
a. descriptions of the colony elevation : flat, convex, or raised
b. a motile bacterium might exhibit this in liquid culture : uniform fine turbidity
c. bacterial type forming a thick floating mass of cells on the surface of a liquid culture : pellicle growth
d. mass of bacterial cells settling at the bottom of a liquid culture tube : sediment
e. refer to descriptions of the colony shape :
f. refer to descriptions of the colony margin :
What is pellicle growth in bacteria?Bacteria that can move (those with flagella) can float. Their mobility will cause the broth to become consistently cloudy (turbid). Bacteria that are not motile and have waxy cell walls tend to float at the top of the broth and produce a surface membrane known as a pellicle.
The pellicle contributes to better-smoked products by acting as a barrier of protection for the meal and by increasing the flavor and color of the smoke. The majority of animal proteins can be dried by hanging them from hooks or sticks, racking them up, or both.
It has been demonstrated that a number of Gram-negative bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, can form a pellicle when exposed to static circumstances.
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which part of the urinary system transports urine away from the kidneys?
The ureters are part of the urinary system that carries urine away from the kidneys.
They are two thin tubes, one on each side of the body, that stretch from the kidneys to the bladder. The length of the ureters is roughly 8-10 inches, and they have a diameter of around an inch. The ureters have smooth muscle that helps to push the urine towards the bladder.
The ureters are covered with a mucous membrane which stops the backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. The kidneys are where the urine is manufactured, and the ureters transfer it from the kidneys to the bladder. Subsequently, the urine moves through the sphincter and is released from the body through the urethra.
The ureters are essential for the urinary system since they maintain the kidneys by preventing the presence of bacteria and other material that can be detrimental to the body.
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What is the most energy-dense of the macronutrients?
Fats is the most energy-dense of the macronutrients.
Fats are a form of nourishment that you get from your food. While consuming some fats is necessary, going overboard can be harmful. The fats you eat provide your body with the energy it needs to function properly. While you exercise, your body burns calories from the carbohydrates you've eaten. Additionally, you require fat to maintain the health of your skin and hair as well as to aid in the absorption of the so-called fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. Additionally, fat keeps your body warm by insulating it and filling your fat cells. Linoleic and linolenic acid are two necessary fatty acids that your body receives from the fats you eat.
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Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form __________
Answer:
Chromosomes
Explanation:
Chromatin is like a thread and there a proteins in it (called Histones) that are like circular beads. Chromatin takes up so much space because imagine Yarn all over the place.
But the cell needs to compact that 'Yarn' during cell division to make it easier to move the information.
So the thread wraps around the protein beads to to chromosomes. They are way more compact and favorable during division.