Transcription occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus of eukaryotes and produces Complementary strands from an template Strand.
What do you mean by Transcription?Transcription is the process of copying segment of DNA into RNA. The segment of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can incode protein are said to produce messenger RNA. Other segment of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non coding RNA 's .
Transcription takes place in nucleus of Eukaryotes,it uses DNA as a template makes an RNA molecules.
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Place each attribute into the bin of the bacterial group it belongs to, based on whether the bacterium is a gram-positive or a gram-negative cell.
The attributes of the two categories of bacterial groups are given as follows:
Group A: Gram-positive bacterial cell wall:
thick layer of peptidoglycanteichoic acidssingle lipid bilayer membraneGroup B: Gram-negative bacterial cell wall:
thin layer of peptidoglycanperiplasmic spacelipopolysaccharidesdual lipid bilayer membranesWhat is a gram Negative Bacterial Cell wall?Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that is surrounded by an outer lipopolysaccharide-containing membrane. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are encircled by peptidoglycan layers that are several times thicker than those seen in Gram-negative bacteria.
What is a gram Positive Bacterial Cell wall?Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall is a complex assembly of glycopolymers and proteins.
A thick peptidoglycan sacculus surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and is adorned with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins.
What are the similarities and differences?Bacteria having thick cell walls are classified as Gram-positive bacteria. These organisms show positive in a Gram stain test. The chemical dye used in the test colors the bacterium's cell wall purple.
Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, do not. Instead, they stain pink.
Despite the fact that both types of bacteria can cause sickness, they require distinct therapies. If you have a bacterial illness, the Gram stain will tell you what sort of treatment you require.
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Full Question:
The thickness of this sugar-protein scaffold of peptidoglycan can be used to separate most bacteria into two groups. In your tutorial, you want to illustrate to the students that the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer can be used by microbiologists to differentiate many bacteria by only using an easy staining method that all microbiologists will have to master. This staining procedure, known as the Gram stain, is based on the retention of dyes within the cell wall for a positive result or the rinsing away of the dyes and leakage of the membrane for a negative result. A thicker cell wall will allow for retention of dye crystals that will give the bacterial cell a blue-purple color (positive result), but the thinner cell walls will not allow for the retention of these crystals during rinsing, which will mean that these cells will then be colorless unless another dye that does not require interaction with the cell wall to maintain its retention is used (negative result). In addition to differences in cell wall thickness, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria also differ in the proteins and lipids associated with their cell walls, as well as the composition of their cell membranes. Gram-positive walls are composed of an underlying cytoplasmic membrane, with the thick peptidoglycan layer on the outside offering support. Proteins anchor the membrane and the cell wall together to provide support and structure between the two. Gram-negative staining walls have a different layout. You try to explain in your tutorial that even though these bacteria stain "negative" they do have a thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched in between two lipid bilayer membranes.
Place each attribute into the bin of the bacterial group it belongs to, based on whether the bacterium is a Gram-positive or a Gram-negative cell.
Enzymes are originally produced outside of a cell, though they may catalyze reactions inside the cell.
Enzymes are originally produced outside of a cell, though they may catalyze inside the cell. Catabolism consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Enzymes are proteins that aid in the speeding up of metabolism, or the chemical events that occur in our bodies. Some chemicals are created while others are destroyed. Enzymes are found in all living organisms.
Enzymes are naturally produced by our bodies. Amylase, maltase, lactase, lipase, sucrase, and proteases are among the digestive enzymes. Amylase: Amylase is a saliva enzyme that aids in the conversion of carbohydrates to sugars. metabolism: This enzyme is found in saliva and converts the sugar maltose to glucose.
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Which method of achieving an erection is least likely to require the brain's involvement? group of answer choices
Tactile stimulation of the male reproductive organ method of achieving an erection is least likely to require the brain's involvement.
Tactile Stimulation- The senses of touch and texture are involved in tactile sensory activation. Children with tactile sensory difficulties, such as those who are autistic, may find it difficult to tolerate the sensations that are produced when they dress, groom themselves, or even chew food.
Why is tactile stimulation important?
Particularly in the early years of life, touch is essential for the growth and development of the brain. The brain does not expand to a normal size and the connections between neurons do not develop correctly without sufficient tactile input early in infancy.
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All lipids are polymers of? fatty acids. triglycerides. polar. hydrophilic. more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water.
Answer:
fatty acids
Explanation:
Which organ stores bile?
a. liver
b. gallbladder
c. pancreas
d. duodenum
The organ that stores bile is b. gallbladder.
The liver produces a green, yellowish solution which is referred to as the bile. The bile has an important role to play in digestion as it breaks down fats in the food into fatty acids.
Although bile is produced in the liver, it is transported from the liver to the gallbladder and hence gallbladder is the organ that stores bile. The bile is concentrated in the gall bladder. At the time of digestion, the bile is transported from the gall bladder into the small intestine where it plays an active role in breaking down of lipids.
Bile has a slightly alkaline pH and its active constituents include bile salts, water, bile acids, cholesterol.
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Growth factors:____.
A. are inorganic.
B. are synthesized by the organism.
C. contain elemental oxygen.
D. cannot be synthesized by the organism.
E. all of these choices are correct.
D. cannot be synthesized by the organism.
The Study of Microbial Growth
-The Basis of Population Growth: Bacterial Cell Cycle and Binary Fission
Transverse binary fission is the mechanism used by bacteria to reproduce. In other words, one cell divides into two, and those two divide into four, and so on. A visible colony will emerge through several cell divisions within 10–24 hours once a single cell on a culture plate starts to divide.
-The Rate of Population Growth
The generation time is the length of time needed for one cell to divide. Generation times vary amongst different species; can be as low as 5 minutes and as lengthy as 30 hours. Bacteria evaluate their growth in cell counts rather than individual cell sizes. Growth is expressed in generation time.
Determinants of Population Growth
Over time, bacterial growth adheres to a growth curve—a predictably growing pattern.
Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
In liquid media, microbe growth causes turbidity. A spectrophotometer can be used to detect turbidity; however, not all bacterial cells are alive, therefore a higher absorbance indicates a higher bacterial cell count.
The six primary physical elements that influence the proliferation of microbes are highlighted in the following sentences. These elements are:1. Solutes and Water Acidity
2. Temperature
3. pH
4. Oxygen Requirements
5. Pressure
6. Radiation.
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Approximately how many kg of quaternary level carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material?
Approximately 0.1 kg of quaternary level carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material.
What is a Carnivore?A Carnivore may be defined as a type of animal that significantly depends or feed primarily or exclusively on an animal matter like flesh or meat. Such types of animals are lions, tigers, etc.
According to Lindemann's 10% law, only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the other. For example, if a field plot contains 1000 kg of plant material, the primary consumer occupies 100 kg of biomass, secondary consumers occupy 10 kg of biomass, tertiary consumers occupy 1 kg of biomass, and quaternary consumers occupy 0.1 kg of biomass.
Therefore, approximately 0.1 kg of quaternary level carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material.
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Which molecule demonstrates the widest range of functions due to its ability to adopt multiple conformations? dna rna both molecules carry out a wide range of activities within the cell.
The correct option is (b) RNA
RNA molecule demonstrates the widest range of functions due to its ability to adopt multiple conformations.
What allows RNA to fold?The ability of RNA to fold into many three-dimensional conformations allows it to fulfill a range of activities within the cell, including manufacturing proteins, controlling gene expression, and serving as a source of information for certain viruses. The majority of protein and RNA molecules, or at least their constituent sections or domains, spontaneously fold into intricate three-dimensional forms. Numerous RNAs have been shown to fold in vitro with unique contributions from folding kinetics and thermodynamic stability. The hairpin ribozyme, a tiny RNA that catalyzes an in vitro cleavage and ligation reaction that has been thoroughly studied, is one of these RNAs.
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12. Compare and contrast the chemistry of flowing-water ecosystems to standing-water ecosystems.
The correct answer In a flowing-water ecosystem, water moves quickly near the source and slowly near the mouth and Water in a standing- water flow within ecosystem despite having little net flow.
Standing water has little water circulation and supports free floating organisms, whereas flowing water ecosystems have a higher rate of water circulation and support a broader range of organisms.
Ecosystems in which plant roots are submerged in water for at least part of the year. Typically found where water and land meet. Marshes, bogs, and swamps are some examples. Because it is standing water, water has a low oxygen content.
Flowing waters means fresh waters flowing unidirectionally down altitudinal gradients. These waters may or may not be separated by channels. Flowing waters include streams, springs, seeps, ditches, and flumes.
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What are 2 observations that lamarck makes and what is the inference he makes based on these observations?
The main 2 observation which Lamarck made is:
1. Use and Disuse of Organ
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characters.
The Use and Disuse of Organ states that, only those character will last longer or pass on to next generation which are getting in use day by day. And, the organ will vanish if it not in use. Like, Tail in Human.
Inheritance of Acquired Characters, a theory that suggests physiological changes that an organism acquires throughout the course of its existence might be passed on to children. It's often referred to as the theory of adaptation or Lamarckism, after French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution.
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Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______, whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______.
Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes develop and mature whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes are stimulated.
What are lymphoid tissues?Lymphoid tissues are tissue which form part of the lymphatic system of the body.
The lymphatic system is the system of the body which is concerned with the production of the immune cells and in which the lymph circulates.
The primary lymphoid tissues are the bone marrow and thymus where there lymphocyte develop and mature.
The secondary lymphoid tissue include the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and Peyer's patches and are the sites where lymphocytes are stimulated.
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Note that the complete question is given as:
Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes ____, whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes ____.
a. are stimulated; develop and mature
b. encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis
c. develop and mature; become stimulated
d. undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells
e. die; are phagocytosed after death
With sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin __with sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin ________ and the levels of ghrelin ________.______ and the levels of ghrelin ________.
With sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin fall and the levels of ghrelin rise.
What is leptin ?
Your body secretes a hormone called leptin that aids in long-term maintenance of your normal weight. Your blood's concentration of leptin and how much body fat you have are intimately correlated. Despite the fact that your body has enough fat reserves, leptin resistance makes you feel hungry and make you eat more.
What is ghrelin ?
Small amounts of ghrelin are also released by the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. Ghrelin is primarily synthesized and released by the stomach.
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According to ecological theory, the people closest to a developing child represent his or her?
Microsystem
According to ecological theory, the people closest to a developing child represent his or her microsystem.
What is a child's microsystem development?The immediate surroundings of a child is referred to here, including their family, playgroup, neighborhood, and peer group. Meosystem: This term describes the links that young children establish between their immediate surroundings, such as their home and playgroup.Which exemplifies a child's microsystem the best?The family, school, religion, peer groups, and neighborhoods are a few examples of microsystems. The closest stimuli to a child that have a direct impact on their psychosocial development are called microsystems.How does a child's microsystem effect them?Children do not often connect with significant adults, which is essential for development. The ecological hypothesis states that if the connections in the immediate microsystem fail, the youngster will lack the resources to investigate other areas of his surroundings.To learn more about microsystem visit:
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An interdisciplinary science involving biologists, chemists, and biochemists in the study of genes and the proteins they encode is called ______.
Molecular biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves biologists, chemists, and biochemists in the study of genes and the proteins they encode.
In Molecular biology, we read mostly about the nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) and proteins which are essential for life processes. This emerged as a different field in the 1930s and developed out of biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics and today it remains closely associated with these fields only. Its application is used in the materials industry, in the development of new energy sources, in forensic engineering, and in improvement of the food and energy industry. It helps in collecting and understanding data on the genome sequence of living organisms.
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Bacterial endospores are protected from chemicals and various lytic enzymes due to the presence of the spore layer called the?
Bacterial endospores are protected from chemicals and various lytic enzymes due to the presence of the spore layer called the Coat
What is Endospores ?Spores known as endospores are produced inside of cells, primarily in bacteria. These spores are produced by vegetative or mother cells of bacteria called sporangia. Bacteria are protected from harmful environmental factors such nutritional shortage (carbon and nitrogen) and overcrowding by endospores.
Endospores can develop in a variety of locations within the vegetative cell. They could be terminal, central, or subterminal. There are central endospores in the vegetative cell's centre. Towards the conclusion of the vegetative cell are the terminal endospores.Endo means "inside," hence the name "endospore" suggests a spore or seed-like structure, yet it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring).Learn more about Endospores here:
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The term for any generic description or interpretation about a particular individual that is true of practically all individuals or groups is known as a(n)?
The term for any generic description or interpretation about a particular individual that is true of practically all individuals or groups is known as a(n): Barnum statement
A Barnum Statement is a generalization that is worded in a way that makes it seem to describe the person reading it. Barnum's assertions are generally accurate for everyone, yet they usually come off as very personal to the individual. In order to "trick" their subjects or "sitters" into thinking they have insight into them, psychics and mediums use Barnum's promises.
Examples include:
"Not everyone finds your style of humor amusing, but you do"
"you typically consider things before acting"
"You have faced some significant obstacles in your life."
"You and a loved one recently had a disagreement"
"I was pretty intelligent, the psychic told me, but other people didn't always perceive it."
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Low-density lipoprotein is brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. True or false?.
Low-density lipoprotein is brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis is referred to as true statement.
What is Low-density lipoprotein?This is also referred to as bad cholesterol because it transports cholesterol in the blood thereby leading to the clogging of the blood vessels and may cause different types of diseases such as high blood pressure etc.
This type of lipoprotein transports all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water and are brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis which imports the macromolecules from the extracellular fluid thereby making it the correct choice in this context.
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4. A neurosurgeon orders a spinal tap for a patient. Into what body cavity will the needle be inserted? a. Ventral d. Cranial b. Thoracic e. Pelvic c. Dorsal
In dorsal body cavity will the needle be inserted. Therefore, the correct option is C.
In a spinal tap, commonly called a lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal. This area is located between the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, specifically in the dorsal (back) region of the body. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected during procedures to provide certain medications or for diagnostic purposes.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Through what process does each person learn socially appropriate ways of satisfying basic biological needs within the culture into which they were born?
Enculturation is the process by which a person learns socially appropriate ways of satisfying basic biological needs within the culture into which they were born.
For a person to live in a society, it is beneficial to learn the culture, social norms, and ethics of that society in order to merge into society.
We can define enculturation as the process through which a person learns the appropriate culture, ethics, and norms of a society in order to meet the requirements or basic biological needs of the society.
The process of enculturation can occur through learning from parents, and relatives or seeing and observing other people in a society. For people who keep on moving from one place to another, enculturation will be common in order to blend into each society.
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differentiation of large planetesimals and protoplanets a. is caused by heat created by the transformation of kinetic energy from collisions into thermal energy. b. is the process by which these bodies collide to form larger celestial bodies. c. was inhibited by the presence of radioactive elements because their decay absorbs heat from the surroundings. d. began with cooling down the component materials within these bodies.
The differentiation of large planetesimals and protoplanets- (c) was inhibited by the presence of radioactive elements because their decay absorbs heat from the surroundings.
Planetesimal is considered to the class of bodies that came together and condensed to form the planets. they are also called as a minute planet.
Protoplanets are large bodies that are present in orbit around the sun or any star and are in the phase of developing into a planet. they are formed by the collision and condensation of the planetesimals for millions of years.
the protoplanets will be colliding with each other to form the planets.
The presence of the radioactive elements absorbs the heat from the surroundings.
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The __________ is located under the forebrain and midbrain. a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. brainstem please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
it's C
Explanation:
Semen is made up of a mixture of secretions from all of the following except? a) prostate gland b) bulbourethral glands c) testes d) seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral gland is not part of the secretions that made up the semen.
At the start of the internal section of the male reproductive organ, beneath the prostate gland, is the bulgurethral gland, also known as Cowper's gland. The bulbourethral glands have ducts that drain into the urethra, the tube through which both urine and semen enter. One of the tasks of the gland is to add fluid to semen during the process of ejaculation. They are made up of a network of tiny tubes, or tubules, and between the tubules are sac-like structures made of elastic and muscular fibers that provide the glands their structural support. Mucus, a viscous protein complex, is contained in droplets within the cells of the tubules and sacs. The clear, viscous fluid secreted by these glands serves as a lubricant, a flushing agent that cleans the urethra before to the ejaculation of the semen, and it may also aid to make the semen less watery and offer a proper living habitat for the sperm. The bulbourethral gland serves as a support system for the semen, as seen by the functions listed above.
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Food is moved down from the mouth into the stomach through:
[A] Osteoporosis
[B] Peristalsis
[C] Ejestion
[D] None of the choices are correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
What feedback mechanisms help you regulate your body temperature?
Answer:
It would be negative feedback.
Explanation:
The reason negative feedback is the type of feedback mechanism that helps you regulate your body temperature is because it reduces excessive responses and keeps a variable within the normal range.
The very simplest members of the order pythiales (oomycota) have a _____ thallus (chytridlike) that may occur entirely within the living host.
The very simplest members of the order pythiales (oomycota) have a monocentric, holocarpic thallus (chytridlike) that may occur entirely within the living host.
The Oomycota are a huge and diversified collection that includes two main (class level) clades, the Saprolegniomycetes and Peronosporomycetes and other early diverging classes, the majority of which are basic holocarpic creatures with no mycelial organization. The early-diverging orders include the marine seaweed parasites Eurychasmales and Olpidiopsidales, the worm infecting Haptoglossales, and the crab infecting Haliphthorales. The Saprolegniomycetes, which include the orders Atkinsiellales s.lat., Leptomitales, and Saprolegniales, are usually saprophytes or parasites of invertebrates and, on rare occasions, vertebrates such as fish and amphibians.
Peronosporomycetes have a variable thallus shape, ranging from a mycelium of hyphae (similar to Mycota hyphae, with tip growth) to allantoid or ellipsoid (holocarpic) cells, or monocentric and eucarpic thalli with an assimilative system formed of branching rhizoids. Obligate parasites can be endobiotic (completely contained inside a single host protoplast), intracellular (some hyphae entering the protoplasts of a host thallus), or intercellular with specialized side branches (haustoria) that pierce the host cell walls but not the protoplasts.
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Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the greatestc auses of death in the united states
a. true
b. false
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the greatest causes of death in the united states. The given statement is true.
What is cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular disease is defined as disease related to heart such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and blockage in heart. Cancer is unwanted and unusual division of cell in the form of tumor which is known as cancer.
A circulatory system is defined as a system in the body that consists heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins and blood that all combined together to supply blood to all parts of body and takes up waste material from it.
Circulatory system have four major components and these are heart, veins, arteries, and blood. These are the four components that combined and form cardiovascular system.
Therefore, Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the greatest causes of death in the united states. The given statement is true.
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What type of bonds occurs in tertiary and quaternary structures to cause a ""globular"" look?.
Hydrogen bonds occurs in tertiary and quaternary structures to cause a ""globular"" look.
The maintenance of secondary structures depends on hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms, and the maintenance of tertiary structures depends on hydrogen bonds between side chains. At hydrogen bonds in globular proteins, examples of both types can be seen and visualised.
What kinds of bonds are present in tertiary and quaternary structures?The same intermolecular forces that hold secondary and tertiary structures together also hold these different polypeptides together. In addition, disulfide bonds can be found in quaternary structure just like they can in tertiary structure. Disulfide bonds are thus present in both tertiary and quaternary structures.
Non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic (electrostatic) bonds, and Van der Waals interactions hold the monomeric subunits in the protein's quaternary structure together.
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Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells?
a. staging
b. grading
c. cachexia
d. angiogenesis
Grading is essentially a determination of the level of anaplasia and refers to the histologic characterisation of tumour cells.
What exactly is a cell tumour?a mass of tissue that develops abnormally when cells do not die on schedule or expand and divide more often than they should. Cancer-free tumours might be benign or malignant (cancer). Although benign tumours can become enormous, they do not penetrate or spread to surrounding tissues or to other areas of the body.What two varieties of tumour cells are there?There are two types of tumours: benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Typically, benign tumours only develop in one location and do not spread. Invading other parts of the body after developing in one location, malignant tumours
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Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to steroid hormones.
What is the thyroid hormone?Thyroid hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which serves to maintain metabolic rate and it enters into the cells by diffusion in a similar manner to steroid hormones (it is for that reason thyroid hormone is classified as steroid-like hormone).
In conclusion, thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to steroid hormones.
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A location on a chromosome that codes for biochemical variations in the phenotype is called:_________
A gene is a region on a chromosome that codes for phenotypic biochemical differences.
Gene, what do you mean?The fundamental structural and operational component of heredity is a gene. DNA is the component of genes. Some genes serve as blueprints for the synthesis of proteins. Many genes do not, however, code for proteins. A few hundreds DNA bases to more than 2 million bases make up a gene in a human.A gene example is what?You might acquire the characteristic for green eyes from your parents, for instance, if both of them have them. Alternatively, if your mother has freckles, you may also have them if you received the freckle gene from her. All animals and plants contain genes in addition to human beings.
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