The position of the front bumper of a test car under microprocessor control is given by x(t)=2.17m+(4.80m/s2)t2?(0.100m/s6)t6.a. Find its position at the first instant when the car has zero velocity.b. Find its acceleration at the first instant when the car has zero velocity.c. Find its position at the second instant when the car has zero velocity.d. Find its acceleration at the second instant when the car has zero velocity.

Answers

Answer 1

Using velocity and acceleration, a. To determine the location of the car when its velocity is zero, we must identify the roots (time instances) of the velocity equation, which is the first derivative of the position equation.

The velocity equation is as follows: [tex]v(t) = (9.60m/s^3) t - (0.600m/s^7)t^7.[/tex]

What numerical techniques may we use to find an equation's roots?

To find the roots of this equation, we can use numerical techniques like Newton-Raphson or bisection. The velocity equation can also be seen to be a seventh-degree polynomial with up to seven roots. By setting the velocity equation to zero and calculating the root, we can apply a numerical solution or perform a hand calculation to obtain the first root (i.e., the first time the car has zero velocity).

b. The formula for the acceleration equation, which is the second derivative of the position equation, is: [tex]a(t) = (9.60m/s^2) - (6.00m/s^6)[/tex][tex]t^6[/tex]

c. and d. To discover the acceleration at the second time occurrence when the car has zero velocity, find the second root by repeating step a and using the acceleration equation to find the acceleration.

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Related Questions

classify each property as associated with a liquid that has strong or weak intermolecular forces.

Answers

The following characteristics are present in liquids with strong intermolecular forces: high boiling temperatures, high surface tension, low vapour pressure, and high viscosity.

Why do you use the phrase intermolecular?

Intermolecular forces (IMF), which is commonly abbreviated, are the attractive and repulsive forces that form between two molecules of a substance. These forces serve as a link between a substance's individual molecules.

The main causes of matter's chemical and physical properties are intermolecular forces. The protons or positive sections of one molecule are drawn toward the electrons or negative parts of another via an intermolecular force. Numerous a substance's chemical and physical properties are impacted by this force.

What impact do intermolecular forces have?

Intermolecular forces hold two molecules together. Physical characteristics are affected by intermolecular forces. Vapour pressure decreases when intermolecular tensions increase.

The intensity of intermolecular interactions has an impact on two attributes of substances: the boiling points of liquids and the melting points of solids. With more attraction force exists, a substance's melting or boiling point rises.

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how does the use of reference points help you to overcome the optical illusions created by the blind zone, the body of the vehicle blocking your view of the ground?

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By providing a point of comparison to evaluate the location and movement of objects, reference points assist counteract optical illusions caused by the blind spot or the body of the vehicle limiting the view of the ground.

What is optics?

Optics is the field of physics that examines light's behavior and qualities, including its interactions with matter and the design of equipment that use or detect it. The behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light is often described by optics.

Here,

You can precisely evaluate the location of an item relative to your vehicle and other things around it by utilizing these reference points, which helps decrease the impact of a blind spot or car body obscuring your vision. This enables you to make better driving judgments and prevent any crashes or dangers.

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blood is accelerated from rest to 30.0 cm/s in a distance of 1.80cm by the left ventricle of the heart. how long does the acceleration take, in seconds? (as in all questions like this, it will be useful to list the quantities you know, identify what you are trying to find, then figure out a plan to connect them.)

Answers

The acceleration of blood from rest to 30.0 cm/s in a distance of 1.80 cm by the left ventricle of the heart takes 1.79 seconds.

The time it takes for the acceleration to occur can be calculated using the equation of motion:

v = at, where v is the final velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the time.

We know the final velocity (v = 30.0 cm/s) and the acceleration (a = Δv/Δt, where Δv is the change in velocity and Δt is the change in time), but we need to calculate the acceleration to find the time.

We can use the relationship between acceleration and the change in position:

a = Δv/Δx, where Δx is the change in position.

Substituting Δv = v - 0 (since the blood was at rest) and Δx = 1.80 cm, we get a = v/Δx = 30.0 cm/s / 1.80 cm = 16.67 cm/s^2.

Now we can use the equation v = at to find the time:

t = v/a = 30.0 cm/s / 16.67 cm/s^2 = 1.79 s.

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suppose a wheel with a tire mounted on it is rotating at the constant rate of 2.03 times a second. a tack is stuck in the tire at a distance of 0.401 m from the rotation axis. noting that for every rotation the tack travels one circumference, find the tack's tangential speed.

Answers

The tack's tangential speed is 5.08 m/s.

The circumference of the wheel can be calculated as follows:

C = 2 * pi * r

Where C is the circumference, pi is the mathematical constant pi (approximately equal to 3.14), and r is the distance of the tack from the rotation axis (0.401 m). Plugging in the values, we get:

C = 2 * pi * 0.401 m = 2.51 m

Since the wheel is rotating at a constant rate of 2.03 times per second, the tangential speed of the tack can be calculated as follows:

v = r * omega

Where v is the tangential speed, r is the distance of the tack from the rotation axis (0.401 m), and omega is the angular velocity of the wheel, given by:

omega = 2 * pi * f

Where f is the rotational frequency of the wheel (2.03 rotations per second). Plugging in the values, we get:

omega = 2 * pi * 2.03 s^-1 = 12.7 rad/s

v = r * omega = 0.401 m * 12.7 rad/s = 5.08 m/s

So, the tack's tangential speed is 5.08 m/s.

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determine the rate of heat loss from that person by radiation in a large room having walls at a temperature of 300 k. you must provide an answer before moving to the next part. the rate of heat loss from the person in the room at 300k is

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The rate of heat loss from the person in the room at 300k is approximately 140.82 Watts. As the equation for heat loss by radiation calculates the amount of energy that is being radiated from the surface of a body to its surroundings.

The rate of heat loss from a person by radiation can be calculated using the formula:

Q = σ x ε x A x (T_s^4 - T_w^4)

where:

Q = rate of heat loss (W)

σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10^-8 W m^-2 K^-4)

ε = emissivity (0.5)

A = exposed surface area (1.7 m^2)

T_s = surface temperature (32 °C, or 305 K)

T_w = temperature of surrounding walls (300 K)

Plugging in the values, we get:

Q = 5.67 x 10^-8 * 0.5 * 1.7 * (305^4 - 300^4)

Q = 140.82 W

So, the rate of heat loss from the person by radiation is approximately 140.82 Watts.

In the example given, the person has a relatively small exposed surface area and a relatively low emissivity, so they are not radiating a large amount of energy. However, the room has walls that are at a higher temperature than the person's skin, which will result in a significant amount of heat loss.

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consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as . the heat transfer is .

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Heat transport is transitory in this medium. This medium's heat transport is two-dimensional. The equation does not state if heat is generated in the medium. The equation does not define whether the medium's thermal conductivity is constant or changing.

What is thermal conductivity?

The rate at which heat is transported by conduction through a unit cross-section area of a material when a temperature gradient exits perpendicular to the area is described as thermal conductivity. The attribute of thermal conductivity defines how easily heat passes through a substance. The higher a substance's thermal conductivity, the better it transmits heat.

Here,

The heat transfer in this medium is transient, because the temperature is a function of time (dT/dt is present in the equation). The heat transfer in this medium is two-dimensional, because temperature depends on two spatial dimensions (x and y). The equation does not specify whether there is heat generation in the medium. The equation does not specify whether the thermal conductivity of the medium is constant or variable.

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Complete question:

2–25 Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as:

d^2T/dx^2 + d^2T/dy^2 = 1/a dT/dt

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?

(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?

(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?

at a track and field meet, the best long jump is measured as 8.20 m. the jumper took off at an angle of 39.0 to the horizontal. what was the initial speed of the jumper

Answers

The initial speed of the jumper can be calculated using the formula for horizontal velocity, Vx = V0 × cos(θ), where θ is the angle of take-off and V0 is the initial speed. The initial speed of the jumper was approximately 9.988 m/s.

What is initial speed?

When you hear the term initial velocity, your first thought is that it refers to the speed at which an object was traveling when it initially started moving. Normally, we make this error, but in truth, what matters is the object's velocity at a certain point in time (which can be assumed) before it was affected by acceleration after that point in time.

When gravity first exerts a force on an object, its initial velocity defines how quickly the object moves. The final velocity, on the other hand, is a vector number that gauges a moving body's speed and direction after it has reached its maximum acceleration.

v = u + at

s = ut + 1/2 a

= 2as

Given that the angle of take-off is 39.0 degrees, we can use the following calculation:

Vx = V0 × cos(39)

V0 = Vx / cos(39) = 8.20 / cos(39)

cos(39) is approximately 0.825. Therefore:

V0 = 8.20 / 0.825 = 9.988 m/s

So, the initial speed of the jumper was approximately 9.988 m/s.

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the heavyweight boxing champion of the world punches a sheet of paper in midair, bringing it from rest up to a speed of 27.5 m/s in 0.056 s . the mass of the paper is 0.003 kg . part a find the force of the punch on the paper. express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Answers

The world heavyweight boxing champion punches a piece of paper in midair, accelerating it from rest to 23.0 m/s in 0.060 seconds. The paper weighs 0.003 kg.

How do you gauge a punch's momentum?

Transferring momentum is the key to receiving a punch. If you don't take action, the force of the fist striking you will be transmitted to your body. A fist has a mass of m and moves towards you at a given velocity, v. Momentum (p = mv) is equal to the product of mass with velocity (mass times velocity).m=0.003kg , v=26.5m/s  u=0(the paper is punched from rest) t=0.044s F=1.8N

What is the punch's force?

An average human punch produces 360–450 pounds of force altogether, or 120–150 psi. Remember that these figures are averages, meaning that some persons fall outside of the range on both the lower and upper ends.

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how much work is done by the force of gravity when an object moves from the surface of the earth to a height above its surface equal to its radius r?

Answers

The direction of the gravitational force acting on a satellite as it orbits the Earth is perpendicular to the displacement of the spacecraft. As a result, the Earth has done no work at all to the satellite.

Is gravity capable of doing any work?

We need the pull of gravity (Fg=mg F g = m g, where m represents the mass but also g is the angular velocity, for example, g=9.8 m/s2 on Earth) and the deflection in the path of the that force, which is downward and vertical in the case of gravity, in order to calculate the jobs performed by gravity.

Is gravity always doing negative work?

The effort done by gravitation will be negative if the object goes uphill since the gravity's direction of motion is the polar opposite of displacement The jobs completed by gravitation will be positive if a ball travels downward since both gravity and displacement are operating properly.

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an automobile is traveling west. can it have a velocity toward the west and at the same time have an acceleration toward the east? under what circumstances?

Answers

Yes, a car can accelerate in the direction of the east while also traveling at a westward speed. This would happen if the car was accelerating and decelerating in a westward direction.

How does an object's capacity to change direction while moving depend on the magnitude of its velocity and acceleration?

The amount of acceleration and velocity determine how easily an object can change direction while it is moving. Since the object has more momentum at a higher velocity, changing direction is more difficult. On the other hand, the faster an object can change direction, the greater the acceleration. It might not be able to, though, if the acceleration is too low.

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is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the person greater than, less than or equal to the magnitude of the weight force on the person?

Answers

Answer: the magnitude of the normal force is greater than the magnitude of the weight of the person. Goodluck! i hope this helps<33

Explanation:

A. Trip A to B

B. Trip B to C

C. Trip C to D

Answers

Answer:

trip B to C

Explanation:

The slope gives the speed. BC there is no slope. that is why stationery position

compute the time required for the ball to fall to the ground while experiencing acceleration due to gravity

Answers

It would take approximately 1.746 seconds for the ball to fall to the ground from a building that is 15 meters tall.

To calculate the time it takes for a ball to fall to the ground, we can use the equation of motion under constant acceleration, which is:

h = v_0 * t + (1/2) * a * t^2

Where h is the height of the building (15 meters), v_0 is the initial velocity (0 m/s), a is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2), and t is the time.

Rearranging the equation and solving for t:

t = √(2 * h / a)

= √(2 * 15 / 9.8)

= √(30 / 9.8)

= √(3.06122449)

= 1.746 sec

Acceleration due to gravity, also known as "g," is a fundamental constant that represents the rate at which an object falls towards the earth due to the force of gravity. It is defined as the acceleration that a freely falling object experiences as it falls towards the earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. This means that every second an object falls, it gains an additional 9.8 meters per second of velocity.

The acceleration due to gravity is a function of the mass of the object and the distance between it and the center of the earth. The more massive the object and the closer it is to the earth, the greater the acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity also decreases with increasing altitude, meaning that objects fall more slowly the higher they are above the earth's surface.

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Complete Question: -

For a building having a height equal to the quantity you have recorded for Day in meters (in our example 15 meters), compute the time required for the ball to fall to the ground while experiencing acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2).

A pair of electrons would have_________when they are close together than whenthey are far apart.A) less electric chargeB) more electric currentC) more electric chargeD) less electric potential energyE) more electric potential energyF) less electric current

Answers

Explanation:

E) more electric potential energy.

We are studying the properties of a 10 L vessel of an ideal gas at 300 K and 10 atm of pressure inside. We can fix the volume or the pressure of the vessel as we like. if we decrease the temperature to 200 k at constant pressure, what would the new volume be?

Answers

the characteristics of the a 10 L ideal gas vessel filled with it at a pressure of 10 atm and temperature of 300 K. any desired changes in the vessel's volume or pressure. 30L of liquid will be produced at constant pressure when the temperature is 200 k.

What is pressure, and what is the formula for it?

That amount of force delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface in relation to its area is known as pressure. Pressure is a force-area relationship; pressure = force area. Pascal is the SI pressure measurement (pa).

How is pressure determined?

The formula for calculating pressure is P = F / A, or force for unit of the surface area. The SI unit in measuring pressure is the pascal, and the sign for pressure in physical science is p. (symbol: Pa). One Newton per sq.m of force exerted perpendicularly on a surface is equal to one pascal.

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suppose you lift a 17 kg box by a height of 1.0 m . how much work do you do in lifting the box? express your answer using two significant figures.

Answers

The work done in lifting a box of 17 kg to a height of 1 m is, 167 Newtons.

The work done in lifting something is W = mgh,

where m is the mass of the object,

g is the acceleration due to gravity

and h is the height of the object.

This work is done because you are lifting the object against the force of gravity.

So in this case, mass is 17 kg and height is 1 m.

Calculate the work done using mgh formula,

W = 17 kg × 9.8 × 1 m

W = 167 N

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a helicopter blade spins at exactly 120 revolutions per minute. its tip is 6.00 m from the center of rotation. (a) calculate the average speed (in m/s) of the blade tip in the helicopter's frame of reference. 75.4 correct: your answer is correct. seenkey 75.4 m/s (b) what is its average velocity (in m/s) over one revolution?

Answers

The average speed of the blade tip in the helicopter's frame of reference is 75.4 m/s  The average velocity over one revolution is 360 m/s, as the blade tip covers a distance of 6 m over one revolution.

The average speed is the total distance traveled by an object in a particular time interval. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it does not include any direction information. To calculate the average speed, you need to divide the total distance traveled by the total time it took to travel that distance. The unit for average speed is typically meters per second (m/s) and it is an important measure for understanding the motion of objects.

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the kinetic energy of everyday-sized objects and the potential energy that results from gravity are both forms of blank energy. multiple choice question. radiant nuclear electric mechanical

Answers

The kinetic energy of everyday-sized objects and the potential energy that results from gravity are both forms of mechanical energy.

Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two types of mechanical energy.

The quantity of potential energy a thing possesses and the amount of kinetic energy it is capable of producing determine mechanical conversion.

Regardless of potential, creating power requires energy from motion, without which many energy-generating sources would not function.

Mechanical energy is the combination of stored (potential energy) and moving (kinetic energy), and it depends on the position and velocity of an object. In other words, mechanical energy is produced when an object's kinetic and potential energy are combined.

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A supply plane needs to drop a package of food to scientists working on a glacier in Greenland. The plane flies 130 m above the glacier at a speed of 160 m/s. How far short of the target should it drop the package?

Answers

The plane flies at speed of 160m/s should drop the package when it reaches at a distance of 824m.

How does Newton's second law relate to gravity?

A dropped object travels quickly in the direction of the earth's center. Newton's second law states that the net force applied on an object determines its acceleration. If air resistance is small, the gravitational force, which is also known as an object's weight (w), acts as the net force on any falling object.

What other name does gravity's acceleration go by?

Free-fall acceleration seems to be another name for gravitational acceleration. Gravitational fields established by masses pull other masses approach them.

[tex]h = ut + 1/2 gt^2 ; u=0130 = 1/2 \times 9.8 \times t^2t= 5.15sec[/tex]

The packet travel with the time period of 5.15sec

The distance = v x t

                      160m/s x 5.15s = 824m

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the best long jump is measured as 8.00m. the jumper took off at an angle of 39. what was the initial speed of the jumper

Answers

So the jumper's beginning speed was 12.47 m/s when the best long jump was measured at 8.00m.

What is speed?

The pace at which an item travels or works is referred to as its speed, which is often defined in terms of distance per unit of time such as meters per second or miles per hour.

Here,

The initial speed of the jumper can be calculated using the following kinematic equation:

d = vit + 0.5a*t²

where d is the horizontal distance (8.00m), vi is the initial velocity, t is the time in the air, and a is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2). The time in the air can be found using the vertical displacement, which is given by:

h = visin(θ)t - 0.5at²

where h is the vertical height (0), θ is the launch angle (39°), and t is the time in the air. Solving for t in both equations and substituting into one of them, we can find the initial velocity:

vi = sqrt(2ad/cos²(θ)) = sqrt(29.88.00/cos²(39)) = 12.47 m/s.

So the initial speed of the jumper was 12.47 m/s when the best long jump is measured as 8.00m.

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which part of the microscope is needed to be adjusted to have better contrast when viewing a specimen under the microscope?

Answers

Answer:condenser diaphragm

Explanation:

if the speeding sports car were to turn around and drive west at 35.0 m/s toward the approaching police car, what frequency would the driver of the sports car hear?

Answers

The frequency heard by the driver of the sports car would be 0.907 times the original frequency of the police car's siren.

The frequency heard by the driver of the sports car would be an increased pitch due to the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In the case of the sports car, the observer is the driver and the source of the wave is the sound of the police car's siren. The formula for calculating the frequency heard by the observer is given by:

[tex]f' = f * (v + v_s)/(v + v_o)[/tex]

here f is the original frequency of the siren, v is the speed of sound,[tex]v_s[/tex] is the speed of the source (the police car), and[tex]v_o[/tex] is the speed of the observer (the sports car).

Plugging in the values, we get:

[tex]f' = f * (340 + 0)/(340 + 35)\\ = f * (340)/375 \\= f * 0.907[/tex]

So ,the frequency heard by the driver of the sports car would be 0.907 times the original frequency of the police car's siren.

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what would the radius (in mm) of the earth have to be in order for the escape speed of the earth to equal the speed of light (300000000 m/s)? you may ignore all other gravitational interactions for the rocket and assume that the earth-rocket system is isolated. hint: the mass of the earth is 5.94 x 1024kg

Answers

The rocket is propelled forward by thrust, which forces gases downward in the opposite direction. The weight of the rocket is the force of gravity dragging it downward and toward the centre of the Earth. A newton (N) of weight is equal to 9.8 kilogrammes of mass.

What G forces are there during a rocket launch?

The acceleration caused by gravity is measured in units of g, where one g represents the normal pull of gravity. Early astronauts encountered launch and re-entry forces of up to 6 g or more; on liftoff from the space shuttle, more than 3 g is felt.

The conservation of momentum is the basis for how the rocket operates. The moment of the body always stays in accordance with the conservation of momentum inside a problem area.

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What type of energy does the skater have at any point between the starting point and the lowest point on the track?

Answers

The skater have kinetic energy at any point between the starting point and the lowest point on the track.

What is kinetic energy?

The energy an object has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy in physics. It is described as the effort required to move a mass-determined body from rest to the indicated velocity.

The body holds onto the kinetic energy it acquired during its acceleration until its speed changes. The body exerts the same amount of effort when slowing down from its current pace to a condition of rest.

The skater have kinetic energy at any point between the starting point and the lowest point on the track.

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a helicopter is flying horizontally at 7.96 m/s and an altitude of 19.6 m when a package of emergency medical supplies is ejected horizontally backward with a speed of 11.9 m/s relative to the helicopter. ignoring air resistance, what is the horizontal distance between the package and the helicopter when the package hits the ground?

Answers

When the item hits the ground, there will be a 103.97m horizontal distance between the helicopter and the package.

The meaning of horizontal distance?

Regardless of the relative height of the two places, the distance between two points in surveying is considered to indicate the horizontal distance. The distance between a building and the observer is an example of a horizontal distance, and the building's height is an example of a vertical distance.

Vpac = Vpwrt - Vhelicopter

Vpac = 11.9 - 7.96

Vp = 3.94m/s

t = √2h/g

t = √2×19.6/10

t = 8.76sec

Now, x = Vpac × t

 x = 3.94 × 8.76

x = 34.51m.......(i)

y = Vheli. × t

y = 7.96 × 8.76

y = 69.46m .......(ii)

Now by adding both the equation

(i) + (ii)

x + y

34.51 + 69.46

103.97m

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a long uniform beam of length is supported by a cable at its center. a steel worker stands on the beam at one end. where should a bucket of concrete mix be suspended if the beam is to be in static equilibrium?

Answers

To achieve a static equilibrium on the beam, the bucket of concrete mix should be suspended at the midpoint of the beam, directly above the cable.

This ensures that the weight of the bucket is balanced on both sides of the cable, so that the beam remains in a state of equilibrium. The bucket should also be suspended from a point that is directly above the cable, so that the force exerted by the cable is equal on both sides of the beam.

This will ensure that the beam does not tip or move from its current position. To further ensure the safety of the steel worker, the bucket should be securely attached to the beam so that it does not move around when the worker is standing on it.

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an airplane touches down at an airport traveling 90.6 m/s and slows at a rate of 17.9 m/s2. how long will it take to come to a stop?

Answers

A plane lands at an airport moving at a speed of 90.6 m/s and then slows down to a speed of 17.9 m/s2. It will take 5 seconds for the jet to come to a stop.

Given,

initial velocity u=90.6 m/s

De-accerlation(a)=-17.9 m/s²

final velocity v will be zero because it stops finally

applying the equation of motion

[v=u+at ] t is time

0=90.6-17.9t

t=9.6/17.9

t=5.06 sec

t=5 sec

hence it will take t=5sec to come

the rate at which an object's location changes in any direction. Speed is defined as the relationship between a distance and the time it takes to travel that distance.

Measurement is the most important concept in science. Using base or physical fundamental units, many measurable phenomena can be quantified. The ratio of a moving object's distance traveled to its travel time can be calculated using several quantitative elements, one of which being speed. This lesson will cover all there is to know about speed. In autos, the speed is measured by the speedometer. Odometers are employed to calculate a person's trip distance.

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how much volume does 3 moles of gas occupy at standard temperature and pressure?

Answers

One moles of any gases will take up 22.4 liters of space at STP. The volume will double when the moles of gas are doubled. Therefore, at STP, three molecules of any gas have a capacity of 67.2 liters.

How do you calculate volume at standard pressure and temperature?

The molar volume (Vm) is the greater burden by one mole of either a chemical element or chemical compound at normal temperature and pressure (STP). You may figure it out by dividing the mass density () by the molar mass (M).

How are gas volume and pressure determined?

These equations are variations of the ideal gas, PV = nRT, in which P is the gas's pressure, V is its volumes, n is the gas's number of moles, T is the gas' kelvin temperatures, and R is indeed the ideal (national) gas constant.

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when you touch a friend after walking across a rug on a dry day, you typically draw a spark of about 2 mm. the magnitude of the electric field for which dielectric breakdown occurs in air is about 3 mv/m. estimate the potential difference between you and your friend before the spark.

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The potential difference between you and your friend before the spark was approximately 6 volts.

The potential difference between two objects can be estimated using the formula:

V = E * d

where V is the potential difference, E is the electric field, and d is the separation distance between the objects.

In this case, the separation distance is approximately 2 mm, and the electric field for dielectric breakdown in air is 3 MV/m.

So, V = 3 MV/m * 2 mm = 6 MV * 10^-3 m = 6 V.

Therefore, the potential difference between you and your friend before the spark was approximately 6 volts.

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when we arrange a set of measurements in groups in order of magnitude and indicate the frequency associated with each group, we have constructed a

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When we arrange a set of measurements in groups in order of magnitude and indicate the frequency associated with each group, we have constructed a histogram.

A histogram is a graphical representation of data that displays the distribution of a set of continuous or discrete measurements by grouping the measurements into ranges or "bins". The bins are arranged in order of magnitude on the x-axis and the frequency of measurements in each bin is indicated by the height of a bar on the y-axis. The resulting graph provides a visual representation of the distribution of the data, showing the shape of the data and allowing for quick assessment of the frequency of different values.

A histogram provides useful information about the data, including the central tendency (e.g. mean, median), spread (e.g. range, standard deviation), and skewness of the data. It can also be used to identify outliers or unusual observations in the data and to compare the distributions of two or more sets of data.

In constructing a histogram, it's important to choose an appropriate number of bins and bin width to ensure that the histogram accurately represents the distribution of the data. A histogram with too few bins may not provide sufficient detail about the data, while a histogram with too many bins may result in a cluttered or misleading graph. The choice of bin width can be informed by statistical techniques such as the Scott's rule or the Freedman-Diaconis rule.

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