The initial 20 grams would remain after 12 years.
The half-life of iodine-125 is 62 days, which means that after 62 days, half of the initial amount of iodine-125 will have decayed. To find out how much would remain after 12 years (12 x 365 = 4,380 days),
we need to calculate the amount of iodine-125 after each half-life period and then add them up.
After the first half-life (62 days), the amount of iodine-125 would be
20 g / 2
=> 10 g.
After the second half-life (62 x 2 = 124 days),
the amount of iodine-125 would be
=> 10 g / 2
=> 5 g.
After the third half-life (62 x 4 = 248 days),
the amount of iodine-125 would be
=> 5 g / 2
=> 2.5 g.
We can keep repeating this process to find the amount of iodine-125 after each half-life period. However, after 4,380 days (12 years),
the amount of iodine-125 would be approximately 0.067 g.
So, after 12 years, only 0.067 grams of iodine-125 out of the initial 20 grams would remain.
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which bond is a weak bond that arises usually between a hydrogen and either an oxygen or nitrogen atom?
An electronegative atom (often nitrogen or oxygen) in one molecules is attracted to a hydrogen atom in another molecule to form a weak link known as a hydrogen bond.
What does an atom mean in plain language?Chemistry's fundamental building component is an atom. It is the lowest fraction of substance into which electrically charged particles cannot be released. It is also the smallest piece of substance with chemical element-like characteristics.
An atom is what?A chemical element is uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or much more negative charged electrons that orbit it.
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at standard temperature and pressure, fluorine is a gas, and bromine is a liquid. from this, which would you predict has the stronger intermolecular force? fluorine or bromine?
The molecules will be closer together and lean toward solid behavior as the intermolecular forces become stronger. More gas-like behavior results from weaker intermolecular forces. Accordingly, the correct response is that bromine has greater intermolecular forces.
Because bromine has a slightly higher molecular weight than fluorine and stronger intermolecular bonds, it doesn't become a gas at ambient temperature like fluorine does. Due to its enormous molecular weight and intense Van Der Waals forces, iodine is a solid at normal temperature. The diatomic molecules of the halogens (F2, Cl2, and so on) are all present. Van der Waals forces are what draw molecules together in most interactions.
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a first-order reaction is 75.0% complete in 320. s. a. what are the first and second half-lives for this reaction? b. how long does it take for 90.0% completion?
The first and second half-lives for this reaction can be calculated using the following equation: t1/2 = 0.693/k, where k is the rate constant.
Using a rate constant of 0.0022 s-1, the first and second half-lives would be 313.6 s and 627.2 s, respectively. To calculate the time it takes for 90.0% completion, we can use the equation:
t = t1/2 * ln(0.1/C), where C is the initial concentration of the reactant.
Using an initial concentration of 1 and the first half-life of 313.6 s, it would take 577 s for 90.0% completion.
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Which metals cannot replace iron (Fe) in a chemical reaction?(a) Tin (Sn)(b) Lead (Pb)(c) Hydrogen (H)(d) Zinc (zn)
In a chemical process, hydrogen metals cannot take the place of iron (Fe). Hence option 'c' is correct.
Describe a metal.Metals are bright, opaque materials that easily conduct electricity and heat. Most metals are malleable and ductile, and they frequently have a higher density than other elements.
What distinguishes metals from nonmetals and metalloids?In general, metals are elements that are hard, lustrous, fusible, malleable, ductile, and have good electrical & thermal conductivity. An element without the characteristics of a metal is referred to as a nonmetal. The metalloid is a element with characteristics that are halfway between those of metals and nonmetals.
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What effect (if any) did the height of the cannon have on the distance traveled at each speed? Explain
Each increase in speed increases projectile range by approximately the same amount,
Projectiles travel farther than those fired from the cannon due to the high elevation of the cannon
Kinetic ProjectileProjectiles that do not contain explosives are called kinetic energy weapons or kinetic penetrators. A classic kinetic energy weapon is a bullet. Non-explosive projectiles include small arms such as bullets, as well as railguns, mass drivers, and kinetic energy penetrators. All of these weapons work by achieving a high muzzle velocity and releasing kinetic energy upon impact with the target.
Kinetic weapons that target objects in space travel include anti-satellite weapons and anti-ballistic missiles. It needs to regain speed so it can damage the target with the released kinetic energy. No explosives needed.
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The path travelled by a projectile is called its trajectory. The decrease in the height of the cannon decreases the distance travelled by projectile whereas an increase causes the increase in the distance of projectile.
What is a projectile?Any object which is thrown into space and the only force acting on it is the force of gravity is defined as the projectile. The motion of a projectile is known as the projectile motion.
If greater is the cannon height, it causes the projectiles to travel further than the ones which is fired from the lower height. The extra height give more time for the projectile to travel before it strikes the ground.
Thus the increase in height of the cannon increases the distance of projectile.
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the bonds stabilizing secondary structures in proteins is>
A protein called collagen is made up of three identical polypeptides that typically have a helix shape. A secondary structure that is supported by hydrogen bonding is the helix.
The protein collagen may be found in the human body's bones, tissues, skin, and other organs. It is incredibly important for the body since it boosts muscle mass, stops bone deterioration, eases joint discomfort, and enhances skin health. The stiffness and resistance to stretching of collagen are its most significant characteristics.
The non-covalent bonds that constitute the most significant component of different chemical structures are hydrogen bonds. These relationships are among the strongest. One molecule's hydrogen atom is joined to another's electronegative atom, which might be fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
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state functions do not care about the path taken getting from the initial state to the final state. T/F
True. State functions are characteristics of a system that reflect only on its beginning and final states, not on the route taken to arrive there.
Which four state functions are all there?The terms density, heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy are examples of state functions. Since path operations cannot be specified for the restricting states, it is difficult to create such a relation for them. The path traveled between two states affects how path services work.
Which two state functions are all there?It is common to refer to enthalpy and attenuation coefficient as state functions. This implies that they are irrespective of the system's history and solely depend on the game's current condition, along with its gravity, temperature, composition, and material content.
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assume your sample spots are 1 cm above the bottom of the tlc plate. what happens if you put the plate in a developing chamber that has 1.2 cm of developing solvent?
The solvent will rise up the plate by capillary action and the sample spots will dissolve and move with the solvent. total height that the solvent will rise up the plate is 2.2 cm.
The height of the solvent in the developing chamber is 1.2 cm,
the height of the sample spots above the bottom of the plate is 1 cm,
so the total height that the solvent will rise up the plate is 1 + 1.2 = 2.2 cm.
As the solvent moves up the plate by capillary action, the sample spots will dissolve and move with the solvent, separating into individual components based on their solubility and interaction with the solvent. The distance that each component travels can be measured and compared to known standards to identify the components present in the sample.The distance that each sample component travels is dependent on its affinity for the solvent, as well as its molecular size and polarity. The movement of the sample spots on the plate can be used to separate and identify the components.
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you mix 250 mL of 2.1 M HBr with 200 mL of 2.5 M KOH. what is the pH of the resulting solution?• 12.7• 1.6• 12.4• 1.3
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions, the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The resulting solution will have pH equal to 12.7.
As we know that Molarity of a solution (M)=[tex]\frac{no. of moles of solute}{volume of solution in litres}[/tex]
Given:- Molarity of [tex]HBr[/tex]= 2.1M and volume= 250ml, therefore the number of moles of [tex]HBr[/tex]= 0.25×2.1=0.525mol.
similarlysimilarlysimilarlysimilarly:- Molarity of [tex]KOH[/tex]=2.5M2.5M and volume= 200ml=0.2L. therefore the number of moles of [tex]KOH[/tex]= 0.2×2.5=0.5mol.
Now for the reaction:- [tex]HBr+KOH[/tex]⇒[tex]KBr+H_{2} O[/tex], [tex]KOH[/tex] is in excess.
Therefore, the excess amount of [tex]KOH[/tex]= 0.525-0.5=0.025.
Total volume= 0.25+0.2=0.45L.
Now, [tex][OH^{-} ][/tex]= [tex]\frac{0.025}{0.45} =0.05M=5*10^{-2} M[/tex].
Therefore, [tex]pOH=-log[OH^{-} ]=-log[5*10^{-2} ]=1.3[/tex]
Now, as we know that [tex]pH+pOH=14, pH=14-1.3=12.7.[/tex]
Hence, the pH of the resulting solution is 12.7.
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what is the boiling point change for a solution containing 0.763 moles of naphthalene (a nonvolatile, nonionizing compound) in 250. g of liquid benzene? (kbp
The boiling point change for a solution containing 0.763 moles of naphthalene is 0.01262.
The given data in the question:
0.736 moles of Naphthalene
250 m of liquid benzene
Kb is 2.53
ΔTb = Kb M
The formula is: molarity = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent
moles of naphthalene is 0.01248
molarity = 0.01248 / 0.250
= 0.04992 M
ΔTb = Kb M
= 2.53 × 0.04992
= 0.01262
Hence the boiling point elevation is 0.01262
The temperature at which the pressure that a liquid is subjected to from its environment equals the pressure that the liquid's vapour is subjected to; in this situation, the addition of all heat causes the liquid to turn into its vapour. This happens without rising the temperature.
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how is the miscibility of a liquid with water related to the liquid's polarity? how is the miscibility of a liquid with water related to the liquid's polarity? the polarity of a liquid does not affect its miscibility with water. the more polar the liquid, the less likely that it is miscible with water. the less polar the liquid, the more likely that it is miscible with water. the more polar the liquid, the more likely that it is miscible with water.
The more polar a liquid is, the more likely it is to be miscible with water, as it has a similar molecular polarity. The less polar a liquid is, the less likely it is to be miscible with water, as its molecular polarity is very different from that of water.
The more polar the liquid, the more likely it is to be miscible with water.
Polarity is a measure of the separation of charge within a molecule. Polar liquids have a positive and negative end due to their molecular structure, which results in an unequal distribution of electrons. Water is a highly polar liquid, and it readily dissolves other polar liquids due to their similar molecular polarity.
On the other hand, nonpolar liquids such as oils have an equal distribution of electrons, making them immiscible with water. When nonpolar liquids are mixed with water, the two phases separate, with the nonpolar liquid floating on top of the water.
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column chromatography of a mixture of 3 compounds (compounds a, b, and c below) resulted in 10 fractions collected. tlc was performed on these fractions and the resulting tlc is shown below. keeping in mind that one of the goals of column chromatography is to separate a mixture in order to obtain pure compounds which fractions, if any, contain pure compound a? (choose all that apply)
the melting point temperature of the solid chromatography mixture will be lower and the melting point range more broad.
How does column chromatography collect fractions?Place an appropriate container beneath the column and turn on the stopcock or tap to start collecting fractions.An ideal flow rate exists for each column.Control the flow by turning the stopcock.Band widening will result from diffusion processes if the flow rate is just too sluggish.
What will happen if too much compound is applied to a TLC plate?A substance put to a Plate in excess (or at a concentration that is too high) will streak over the plate or may contact nearby samples that are being analyzed.When trying to separate the components, this will make it difficult.
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monounsaturated fatty acids make up about two-thirds of the total fat in avocados. the carbon chain of a monounsaturated fatty acid has
The carbon chain of a monounsaturated fatty acid has one double bond and an even number of carbon atoms.
Due to the kink in the structure of the fatty acid brought on by the double bond, it is less saturated with hydrogen atoms than saturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids, which are abundant in avocados, have been linked to a number of health advantages, including a lower risk of heart disease and better cholesterol levels.
Oleic acid, the principal fatty acid in olive oil, is the source of the majority of the monounsaturated fat in avocados. According to several research, eating avocados instead of other sources of fat reduces LDL cholesterol. Avocados are free of cholesterol, as are all plant-based foods.
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consider 80.5 g samples of two different compounds consisting of only carbon and oxygen. compound 1 consists of 22.0 g of carbon, and compound 2 has 34.5 g of carbon. determine the ratio in whole numbers of the masses of carbon that combine with 1.00 g of oxygen between the two compounds.
The ratio of the masses of carbon that combine with 1.00 g of oxygen between the two compounds is: 2.46, which we can round to 2.
To find the ratio of the masses of carbon that combine with 1.00 g of oxygen between the two compounds, we need to find the empirical formula for each compound.
First, find the number of moles of carbon in each compound:
Compound 1: 22.0 g C / 12.01 g/mol = 1.83 moles
Compound 2: 34.5 g C / 12.01 g/mol = 2.87 moles
Next, we need to find the ratio of moles of oxygen to moles of carbon for each compound. To do this, we need to find the molecular weight of each compound and divide it by the number of moles of carbon to find the number of moles of oxygen.
Compound 1: 80.5 g / (1.83 moles C) = 43.96 g/mol
Number of moles of O in compound 1: 43.96 g/mol / 16.00 g/mol = 2.75 moles
Compound 2: 80.5 g / (2.87 moles C) = 27.98 g/mol
Number of moles of O in compound 2: 27.98 g/mol / 16.00 g/mol = 1.75 moles
Finally, divide the moles of O in each compound by the moles of C in each compound to find the ratio of moles of O to moles of C:
Compound 1: 2.75 moles O / 1.83 moles C = 1.5
Compound 2: 1.75 moles O / 2.87 moles C = 0.61
So the ratio of the masses of carbon which
combine with 1.00 g of oxygen between the two compounds is:
1.5 / 0.61 = 2.46, which we can round to 2.
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hess's law can be used to solve for reaction enthalpy changes because enthalpy is a function. a) path b) state c) thermodynamic d) pressure-volume
b. state , hess's law can be used to solve for reaction enthalpy changes because enthalpy is a state function.
Hess's Law states that the change in enthalpy (heat content) of a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction occurs. This means that the total enthalpy change for a reaction can be calculated by summing the enthalpy changes for a series of intermediate steps that lead to the final reaction. This allows for the prediction of the heat of reaction for a reaction without the need for direct measurement.
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which of the following is not an assumption of the kinetic molecular theory of gases? group of answer choices gas particles collide with each other and the walls of the container in elastic collisions. the average velocity of the gas particles is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature. the forces of attraction and repulsion between the particles are insignificant. gas particles are very small compared to the average distance between the particles. gases are made up of tiny particles in constant chaotic motion.
The forces of attraction and repulsion between the particles are insignificant.
The following premises underlie the kinetic molecular theory of gases:
Small particles moving chaotically all the time make up gases.
The entire interior of the container is filled with gas particle.
In elastic collisions, gas particles strike the container's walls and one another.
The relationship between the average gas particle velocity and Kelvin temperature is direct.
The average spacing between gas particles is quite small in comparison.
It is not an assumption of the kinetic molecular theory of gases to assert that the forces of attraction and repulsion between the particles are small, as stated in assumption #4. This presumption holds that intermolecular forces are minimal and have no impact on how gases behave.
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antimony has two naturally occuring isotopes, sb121 sb 121 and sb123 sb 123 . sb121 sb 121 has an atomic mass of 120.9038 u 120.9038 u , and sb123 sb 123 has an atomic mass of 122.9042 u 122.9042 u . antimony has an average atomic mass of 121.7601 u 121.7601 u . what is the percent natural abundance of each isotope?
The percent natural abundance of sb121 is 57.21%, and the percent natural abundance of sb123 is 42.79%.
The two isotopes of antimony have different atomic masses [1], which is why they have different natural abundances. The difference in atomic mass of the two isotopes is due to the different number of neutrons in the nucleus. The sb121 isotope has 51 neutrons, while the sb123 isotope has 53 neutrons. This difference in neutrons is what gives them their different masses, and thus their different natural abundances.
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identify the characteristics of a good recrystallization solvent.
Answer:
(1) dissolve a moderate quantity of the substance being purified at an elevated temperature, but only a small quantity at low temperatures
(2) not react with the substance being purified
(3) dissolve impurities readily at a low temperature or not dissolve them at all
Explanation:
Calculate the mass of copper(II) hydroxide produced, Show your wark!
Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3
FW Cu(OH)2 97.56 g
g Cu(OH)2 =
=
Helppppp please
Explanation:
97.56 x (1 mol Cu(OH)2/1 mol Cu(NO3)2) x (1 mol Cu(NO3)2/1.62 mol NaOH) x (2 mol NaOH/2 mol Cu(OH)2) x (40.00 g NaOH/1 mol NaOH)
g Cu(OH)2 = 40.00g
Why do you think that we depend primarily on non-renewable energy sources?
Do you think that our dependence on nonrenewable energy sources makes sense?
Its primary source of energy is nonrenewable resources. Each year, fossil fuels account for roughly 80% of total global energy consumption. We rely on fossil fuels because they are high in energy and relatively inexpensive to produce.
Why are we still dependent on nonrenewable energy?We rely on fossil fuels because they are high in energy and relatively inexpensive to produce. A major issue with fossil fuels, aside from their scarcity, is that burning them emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy are examples of nonrenewable energy resources. Once these resources are depleted, they cannot be replenished, which is a major issue for humanity because we rely on them to meet the majority of our energy needs.
Thus, we depend primarily on non-renewable energy sources.
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a solution contains 5 g of glycerin, dissoved in 95 g of water. if the vaport pressure of pure water at 25c is 23.7 torr, whatis the vapor pressure of the solution
The vapour pressure solution for solution [tex]5g[/tex] of glycerin dissolved in [tex]95g[/tex]Of water along with vapour pressure of water at 25, which is 23.7 is 23.535 [tex]torr[/tex].
What are the parameter for calculating vapour pressure?It is the pressure that a vapour produces when it is in closed system equilibrium with either its solid or liquid phase at a specific temperature.
Vapour pressure can be simply defined as a measurement of a material's propensity to transition from a solid to a liquid to a gas or vapour when the temperature rises.
This formula is based on Raoult's law, according to which the vapour pressure of a solution is determined by multiplying the mole fraction of each component by the vapour pressure of the pure components.
Pure glycerin has a vapour pressure of 6.99atm and a mole fraction of 0.05. At 25 °C, pure water has a vapour pressure of 23.7 and a mole fraction of 0.95torr.
[tex]P = X_ glycerin \times P_glycerin + X_water \times P_water[/tex]
[tex]X_glycerin = \frac{5g}{100g}= 0.05[/tex]
[tex]X_water = \frac{95g}{100g}= 0.95 P_giycerin=6.99atm[/tex]
[tex]P= 0.05 \times 6.99+ 0.95\times 23.7 = 23.535torr[/tex]
Therefore, The vapour pressure substitute for 95 grams of water and 5 grams of glycerin were dissolved in it. The water's vapour pressure was 25 to 23.7 torr.
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Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. This means that molybdenum_________
a. has a freezing point of 42 degrees Fahrenheit.
b. belongs to Group 42 on the Periodic Table.
c. Can form 42 bonds with other atoms.
d. contains 42 protons in its nucleus.
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. This means it contains nucleus with 42 protons.
What is atomic number?The quantity of protons in the atoms' nuclei is known as an element's atomic number.
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42, which indicates that it has 42 protons in its nucleus. All isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their nuclei, and the number of protons in an atom's nucleus establishes the identity of the element. The number of neutrons, the other subatomic particles in an atom's nucleus, might differ amongst isotopes of the same element. The freezing point, bonding capacity, or group placement of an element in the periodic table are not directly correlated with the atomic number.
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I don’t know how to do this one
The chemical formula of the compound is CH2FOH
What is a chemical formula?A chemical formula is a concise representation of the chemical composition of a substance, using symbols and numbers to indicate the elements that make up the substance and their relative proportions.
A chemical formula provides important information about the type and quantity of elements present in a molecule, and can be used to identify and distinguish different chemical compounds.
In general, chemical formulas are written in accordance with the standard chemical notation, which uses the periodic table of elements to assign symbols to each element. The subscripts in a chemical formula indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
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What is the best alternative to safely cooling foods without a blast chiller?
Moving hot food in a covered pan to a cooler space, such as a storage room, or submerging it in ice water, is another option. Ice can also be used to hasten the cooling process.
Soups can be chilled by submerging them in cold water. This technique aids in a swift and secure drop in food temperature. To make a slush, put some ice in a big container or sink and add some water. After that, put the plate of food to be chilled into the ice bath. bathing in ice water and stirring the food often.Food is stirred with ice paddles, which are plastic containers that have been frozen after being filled with water.using ice as a component (if water is an ingredient).chiller that jars or tumbles.
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a rock is found with the mineral zircon within it. within the zircon grains, there is observed to be both 235u (a type of uranium) and 207pb (a type of lead). interestingly, there is the same number of atoms of 235u as there is of 207pb in each zircon. if we know that uranium decays to lead and that there were no lead atoms in the mineral when it first formed, how many half-lives have occurred?
The number of half-lives that have occurred in the zircon is 1.
The half-life of 235U is the time it takes for half of the initial number of 235U atoms to decay into 207Pb. The number of half-lives that have occurred in the zircon can be calculated by using the formula:
number of half-lives = log (initial number of 235U atoms) / log (final number of 235U atoms)
Since there are the same number of 235U atoms as there are of 207Pb atoms in the zircon, the final number of 235U atoms is half the initial number of 235U atoms, meaning that one half-life has occurred.
Therefore, the number of half-lives that have occurred in the zircon is 1.
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What should you do if you break a piece of glassware?
When handling a broken piece of glassware, always make sure to wear gloves that are resistant to cuts.
Avoid touching broken glass with bare hands at all costs. When working with broken glass, always sure you use gloves that offer enough cut protection. If you need to remove or retrieve broken glass from a work area or a fume hood, you should make use of mechanical instruments such as forceps, tongs, scoops, or other similar tools.
Cleaning up shards of glass, broken Pasteur pipettes, or shards of glass should be done using a dustpan and a brush. Do not take anything out of the sharps container in any way. Wherever it is practical, use plastic instead of glass for storing liquids, especially desiccators.
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How many moles of H₂S contain 2.03 mol of S?
2.03 mol of H₂S contain 2.03 mol of S. A mole is exactly 6.022×10²³ , which equals Avogadro's number of particles.
What is mole?A mole must be specified or be based on something repeatable, like all other units. The amount of atoms in a sample of the isotope carbon-12 was formerly the basis for the current definition of the mole, which is now based on other factors.
Today, a mole is exactly 6.022×10²³ , which equals Avogadro's number of particles. For all intents and purposes, the weight with one mole of a given substance in grams and the weight of one molecule in Daltons are essentially equivalent. 2.03 mol of H₂S contain 2.03 mol of S.
Therefore, 2.03 mol of H₂S contain 2.03 mol of S.
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What is the name of the compound NO2?
Responses
A nitrous oxidenitrous oxide
B nitrogen dioxide
Answer:
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxides (NOx). Other nitrogen oxides include nitrous acid and nitric acid. NO2 is used as the indicator for the larger group of nitrogen oxides. NO2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel.
what is the mass percent of oxygen in propionic acid, c3h6o2?
The mass percent of oxygen in propionic acid is 43.24%. By dividing the mass of the oxygen in the molecule by the entire mass of the molecule and multiplying by 100, it is possible to get the mass percent of oxygen in propionic acid (C3H6O2).
How is the mass percent determined?By dividing the mass of an element in one mole of the compound by the compound's molar mass and multiplying the result by 100, we may determine the mass percent of the element in the compound.
How do you calculate a compound's mass percent of oxygen?To determine the mass of oxygen in the chemical, subtract. To calculate the percent by mass, divide the mass of each element by the mass of the compound. Calculate after canceling units. By dividing each element's mass by the compound's mass, then multiplying the result by 100%, you may determine each element's percent by mass.
First, find the molar mass of propionic acid:
C3H6O2 = 3 x 12 + 6 x 1 + 2 x 16 = 74 g/mol
Next, find the mass of oxygen in one mole of propionic acid:
2 x 16.00 g = 32.00 g
Finally, divide the mass of oxygen by the total mass and multiply by 100:
(32.00 g / 74 g) x 100% = 43.24%
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the molality of calcium chloride (cacl2) in an aqueous solution is 4 m. what is mole fraction of the solute? keep 3 significant figures in your answer.
The molality of calcium chloride in the solution is 4 m, we can calculate the number of moles of solute as:
moles of solute = 4 m * mass of water (in kg)
Let's assume that the mass of water in the solution is 1 kg. Then:
moles of solute = 4 m * 1 kg = 4 moles
The total number of moles of solute and solvent can be calculated as:
moles of solute + moles of solvent = moles of solute + (mass of water in kg) / (molar mass of water)
where the molar mass of water is 18 g/mol.
Assuming a mass of water of 1 kg:
moles of solute + moles of solvent = 4 moles + (1 kg) / (18 g/mol) = 4 moles + (1000 g) / (18 g/mol) = 4 moles + 55.56 moles = 59.56 moles
The mole fraction of the solute is the ratio of the number of moles of solute to the total number of moles of solute and solvent:
Mole fraction of solute = (moles of solute) / (moles of solute + moles of solvent) = 4 moles / 59.56 moles = 0.067 (rounded to 3 significant figures)
Molality is a term used in chemistry to describe the concentration of a solute in a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and is represented by the symbol "m". The advantage of using molality over other measures of concentration, such as molarity, is that it is independent of temperature, which makes it a useful way to express the concentration of a solution in a variety of conditions.
To calculate molality, you need to know the number of moles of solute in the solution and the mass of the solvent. The formula for molality is moles of solute divided by the mass of the solvent in kilograms. For example, if you have 1 mole of salt dissolved in 100 grams of water, the molality of the solution would be 0.01 moles of salt per kilogram of water.
Molality is particularly useful for solutions that involve volatile solvents, such as ethanol, because the volume of the solvent can change with temperature, making it difficult to accurately determine the concentration of the solution. In these cases, using molality provides a more accurate measure of concentration.
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