Telomere repeat sequence can be extended by telomerase enzyme.
How can be telomeres extended?For all kinds of telomeres activity, there is a specific enzyme. This enzyme is known as telomerase. This telomerase can extend the telomere by repeated reverse transcription of a short sequence. Telomerase is basically RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. So, according to its name, it can use RNA as a template to produce DNA. This enzyme adds complementary RNA bases to the 3' end of the DNA strand. When the 3' end of the lagging strand template is elongated completely, DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the ends of the chromosomes.
So, telomere repeat sequence is extended by telomerase enzyme.
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a robertsonian translocation occurs when two chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse to form a large single chromosome. select one or more: a. nonhomologous acrocentric b. homologous telocentric c. homologous acrocentric d. nonhomologous telocentric
A robertsonian translocation occurs when two chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse to form a large single chromosome which is homologous acrocentric.
When one type of chromosome joins another, the process is known as a Robertsonian translocation (ROB). It is the most prevalent kind of chromosomal translocation in humans, affecting 1 in 1,000 infants. Health issues are uncommon, but on occasion they might lead to genetic diseases including Patau syndrome and Down syndrome. Chromosome numbers are decreased as a result of Robertsonian translocation.
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an appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation, Called ?
Pilus. DNA can be transferred between bacteria during the process of bacterial conjugation thanks to conjugative pili.
A bacterial cell's pilus (plural pili) is an extension that resembles hairs and is used for bacterial conjugation. A group of proteins known as pilin is present in pilus structures. Pili are immunogenic. They are also delicate and frequently replaced, sometimes with pili of different composition, which changes their antigenicity. On the new structure, specific host responses to old pili structures are ineffective. Variable (V) and constant (C) regions of the pili are encoded by recombination genes (similar to immunoglobulin diversity). Influences of virulence and impunity There has been a lot of interest in the study of pili as organelles of adhesion and as components of vaccines on the cell surface of a number of species of Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Neisseriaceae.
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Let’s simulate a point mutation at the 24th base. It was accidentally changed during replication from a G to a C. Now transcribe this new DNA strand into mRNA, and then translate it into its amino acid sequence.
The new DNA strand will become, starting from the 7th base; AUG ACU CGA CUC GAC GUG UCG GCU CGA GGA CAC AUU UGA (24th base underlined). The amino acid sequence is; MET THR ARG LEU ASP VAL SER ALA ARG.
What is a point mutation?Point mutation is a genetic mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. It is also known as substitution mutation.
A point mutation at the 24th base, changing G to C, will result in a change in the codon from GGA to CGA. This will result in a change of the amino acid from glycine to arginine. The mRNA transcript would be CGA and the resulting amino acid sequence would be arginine.
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which scenario is most relevant to the field of cognitive neuroscience?
On the basis of cognitive neuroscience and brain activation patterns, a researcher can determine that Julie is looking at a telephone. Out of the options provided, this is the one that should be chosen.
What kind of cognitive neuroscience examples are there?Dopamine neurons become more active when we make a choice that brings about a reward; eventually, this reaction occurs even in the absence of a reward. Functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics are some of the techniques used in cognitive neuroscience. They also incorporate experimental techniques from psychophysics and cognitive psychology.
What is cognitive neuroscience's significance?The nature of scientific knowledge is better understood thanks to cognitive neuroscience. The study of cognition in neuroscience aids in the resolution of issues in modern scientific philosophy.
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Which scenario is MOST relevant to the field of cognitive neuroscience?
Jasmine thinks about eating a cookie and her stomach starts to feel full.
A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns.
A person in a coma is able to communicate pain through eye blinking.
Doctors can detect a newborn's pain response through use of a heart monitor.
The Haber Process involves nitrogen gas combining with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
10.0 grams of nitrogen gas is reacted with 10.0 grams of hydrogen gas.
Find the following: the molar mass of reactants and products, the limiting reactant, the excess reactant, the amount of ammonia produced.
Answer:
Molar masses:
Nitrogen gas (N2): 28.02 g/mol
Hydrogen gas (H2): 2.02 g/mol
Ammonia (NH3): 17.03 g/mol
The number of moles of N2 and H2 are:
N2: 10.0 g / 28.02 g/mol = 0.357 moles
H2: 10.0 g / 2.02 g/mol = 4.95 moles
Since 3 moles of H2 are required for every mole of N2, H2 is the limiting reactant and N2 is the excess reactant.
The amount of ammonia produced can be calculated using the limiting reactant:
0.357 moles N2 * 2 moles NH3/1 mole N2 = 0.714 moles NH3
0.714 moles NH3 * 17.03 g/mol = 12.28 g NH3.
Therefore, 10.0 grams of nitrogen gas reacts with 10.0 grams of hydrogen gas to produce 12.28 grams of ammonia.
Introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water is called: ___________
Water pollution is the introduction of substances into water that are chemical, physical, or biological and reduce its quality and an organism's ability to survive.
The main causes are the expansion of industry and the human population. People need to be aware of its causes in order to prevent it. contaminants that seep into groundwater from contaminated surface water, as well as from septic tanks and underground gasoline and oil storage tanks. Because it seeps through rocks and sand and the pollutants can stick to the rocks and sand, it is challenging to make it clean again. pollution that comes from a single source is defined as recognizable and traceable to its source Enforcing cleanup can be challenging. Sources: Septic tank systems with leaks leaks from underground fuel or chemical storage tanks (ex. gasoline) oil tanker with a leak water tainted by active and inactive mines water that industries release Industrial and public wastewater treatment facilities
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analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains dna, rna, organelles and membrane components such as phospholipids. what kind of secretion is this?
The right response is This form of secretion is holocrine. DNA, RNA, and membrane components are indicators indicating the cell was killed off during secretion. This is in line with a holocrine secretion type.
Holocrine secretion is a particular type of secretion that occurs in the multicellular exocrine glands of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It involves the release of the complete cytoplasm along with the remains of dead cells.
Here, we discovered that the sebaceous glands of mice, which are an example of multicellular exocrine glands in mammals, display a type of polarized stratified epithelium with tight junctions (TJs), and that holocrine secretion took place outside the TJ barriers.
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if a hospital dumps its biohazardous waste into the ocean and it pollutes the neighboring state, this is an example of:
An example of a negative externality is when a hospital dumps its biohazardous waste into the ocean, polluting the state next door.
When people pay a percentage of the cost of producing a good without having any say in the corresponding production decisions, this is known as a negative externality.
Air pollution, Factory emissions of toxic gases, water pollution, and livestock production are all potential sources of the air pollution.
Light pollution is an example of an externality since people who utilize street lighting have an impact on people who are passing by that is not the offset by them.
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Conclusion Questions:
1. Estrogen levels are highest on day number?
21
21
7
my
2. LH levels are highest on day number?
12
3. How does the increase in the estrogen level correspond to the change in thickness of the
uterine lining in days 1 through 10 of the menstrual cycle?
The following are the answers:
By day 10, the estrogen levels are at their highest.LH levels are highest during ovulation, typically around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle.The increase in estrogen level stimulates the growth and thickening of the endometrial lining, preparing it for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If no pregnancy occurs, the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding.What is menstrual cycle?The menstrual cycle is a regular series of physiological changes in a female's reproductive system that occurs approximately every 28 days. It includes the release of an egg from the ovary, the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy, and the shedding of the endometrial lining if pregnancy does not occur.
The cycle is regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.
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which part of the fluorescence microscope will you adjust to direct the appropriate excitation wavelengths at your specimen?
Dichromatic beamsplitters are placed at a 45-degree angle to the optical block's path as the excitation light enters through the fluorescence illuminator using reflected light. Their main job is to re-direct the chosen excitation wavelengths onto the specimen through the objective.
The fluorophores in the specimen absorb light at a certain wavelength (or wavelengths), which causes them to emit light at a longer wavelength (i.e., of a different colour than the absorbed light). A spectral emission filter is used to separate the illumination light from the relatively weaker fluorescence that is released. A light source (often a xenon arc lamp or mercury vapour lamp, though more modern versions use high-power LEDs and lasers), an excitation filter, a dichroic mirror (or dichroic beamsplitter), and an emission filter are typical parts of a fluorescence microscope (see figure below). The spectral excitation and emission properties of the fluorophore employed to label the specimen are taken into account while selecting the filters and the dichroic beamsplitter.
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how do transposable elements contribute to genome evolution?
The transposable elements contribute to genome evolution by altering the cell's genotype with creation or reversion of mutations.
Genome evolution is the procedure through which a genome evolves over time, changing in size or in structure (sequence). Genome structure analysis, the study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy, and comparative genomics are a few of the topics that are involved in the research of genome evolution.
An modification to a cell's chromosomes or genes is referred to as a mutation. The structure and growth of the progeny could be impacted by this change in the gametes. In biology, a mutation is a modification to a virus's nucleic acid sequence, extrachromosomal DNA, or an organism's genome.
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Do cells in different tissue have different dna within the same organism?
Answer:
No
Explanation:
All your cells in the body have same DNA. The difference comes from how we control the expression of different genes in those tissues. There's a reason you can't hear with your heart or your ears dont beat, its because the tissue in that region of body expresses some gene and blocks others. This creates the diversity in tissues we see in humans and entire living organism spectrum.
In conclusion, no every part of body has same DNA, the difference comes from how we control the signalling and expression of certain genes.
what is the main purpose of epidemiologic surveillance?
The major motivation behind epidemiological observation is to observe the wellbeing of different groups.
This involves the organized collecting, investigation, and analysis of health-related information to uncover patterns or changes in the health of populations. This data can then be utilized to shape public health policy, recognize and investigate health risks, and assess the adequacy of programs and interventions.
With the emergence of global health issues, epidemiological surveillance is becoming increasingly significant for efficient public health management. It is employed to observe the dispersal of infectious diseases, discover and look into disease outbreaks, and assess the weight of ongoing diseases.
Additionally, it can be used to provide guidance for health promotion efforts, such as immunization drives, and to supervise the safety and effectiveness of new treatments and interventions.
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site of collecting ducts and loop of henle function is?
Site of collecting ducts and loop of henle function in forming the distal tubule.
Henle's loop dips into the deeper medulla tissues from the renal cortex while circling back up to the cortex. The distal tubule is formed at this point, where the tubule convolves once more. In the end, the distal tubule dips backwards into the medulla and joins a collecting tubule there.
Utilizing the concept of "countercurrent multiplication," the loops of Henle and the thick ascending limb of the distal tubule's main job is to concentrate urine. A gradient of urea and salt exists in the medulla, with proportions of these solutes rising as one gets closer to the papillae.
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which is a function of the golgi apparatus? which is a function of the golgi apparatus? cell respiration protein modification digestion of organic matter inside the cell
The correct answers for Golgi apparatus are: Protein modification; Carbohydrate modification.
The Golgi apparatus performs a number of tasks, such as:
Protein modification: Proteins are modified, sorted, and packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus before being transported to their final location inside or outside the cell.
Modification of carbohydrates: The Golgi apparatus is also engaged in the glycosylation process, which involves the addition of sugar molecules to carbohydrates.
The Golgi apparatus is not involved in cell respiration or digestion of organic matter inside the cell. These processes occur in other cellular organelles, such as the mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively.
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Sensory or nerves carry information to the brain and spinal cord. T/F
the study of small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms is called
Bacterial research is the study of these tiny, single-celled, prokaryotic organisms. Bacteriology. a field of microbiology that deals with identifying, putting bacterial species into categories, and characterizing them.
What does bacterium contain?The cell structure of bacteria is more straightforward than that of several other microorganisms. A single loop of DNA serves as their command center and houses all of their genetic information. Instead of a nucleus, some bacteria get a plasmid—an additional circular structure containing genetic material.
What does a bacterial illness entail?The skin, lungs, brain, blood, and other body organs can all be harmed by bacterial infections. One-celled organisms replicating or releasing toxins into your body are how you get them. UTIs, food poisoning, STIs, and several types of sinus, ear, and skin infections are among the common bacterial disorders.
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the human protein transferrin sequesters iron from bacteria. transferrin attempts to interfere with which fundamental attribute of a successful pathogen?
The human protein transferrin sequesters iron from bacteria, attempting to interfere with the bacteria's ability to acquire iron, a fundamental attribute of a successful pathogen.
Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth and survival of most bacteria, and many pathogens have evolved specialized mechanisms for obtaining iron from their host.
By binding iron, transferrin interferes with the bacteria's ability to utilize this essential nutrient, potentially limiting its growth and virulence. This highlights the importance of iron acquisition for bacterial survival and the potential for transferrin to serve as a target for anti-bacterial strategies.
Iron is required for all physiological processes in bacteria and fungus, including DNA replication, metabolism, transcription, and energy production during respiration. Pathogenic bacteria and fungi have developed sophisticated methods to get iron from host sources.
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The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called?
Within eukaryotes, organelles perform specialized tasks like photosynthesis, energy production, and membrane synthesis.
The majority of them are membrane-bound structures that serve as the locations of particular biochemical reactions. Because it houses a cell's DNA, the nucleus is one of the most crucial eukaryotic organelles. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are two additional crucial organelles that are thought to have evolved from simple single-celled organisms and play significant roles in energy conversion. Because they transform energy from one form to another—from food nutrients to ATP—mitochondria in eukaryotic cells behave somewhat like batteries. Accordingly, cells with high metabolic demands can satisfy their higher energy requirements by containing more mitochondria. For instance, muscle cells from athletes have more mitochondria than muscle cells from sedentary individuals.
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macrophages are motile cells that crawl within tissues of the cells. hepatocytes are stationary cells that are anchored in place within the tissue. compared to hepatocytes, macrophages would likely have more of which cytoskeletal filament?
Compared to hepatocytes, macrophages would likely have more actin filaments.
Actin filaments (F-actin) are linear polymers of globular actin (G-actin) subunits that are found in muscle and non-muscle cells as thin filaments that are a component of the contractile apparatus (see contractile bundles).
Actin filaments are particularly prevalent below the plasma membrane, where they organize into a network that supports the cell mechanically, controls the shape of the cell, and permits movement of the cell surface, allowing the cell to migrate, ingest particles, and divide. Similar actin proteins are assembled in a long spiral chain to form actin filaments.
Similar to microtubules, actin filaments have plus and minus ends, with the plus end of a filament exhibiting more ATP-powered growth.
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What is a term used to describe a pair of homologous chromosomes?
The answer is A. Homologous Chromosomes is the term used to describe pairs of chromosomes that have the same DNA segments that code for the same traits.
A homologous chromosome pertains to one of a pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, loci, chromosomal length, and centromere location.
A homologous pair consists of one paternal and one maternal chromosome. In humans, there are a total of 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of a somatic cell. Half of them (22 autosomes + X or Y chromosome) are inherited from the father and the other half (22 autosomes + X chromosome), from the mother. Each maternal chromosome has a corresponding paternal chromosome; they pair up during meiosis.
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Full Question ;
What term is used to describe pairs of chromosomes having DNA segments, or genes, for the same trait?
a. homologous
b. analogous
c. homozygous
d. parallel
What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system?O liverO heartO kidneyO spleen
Answer: Liver
Explanation:
which capillary exchange mechanism results from there being more albumin in the blood than in the tissues?
Oncotic pressure is the capillary exchange mechanism results from there being more albumin in the blood as compared to the tissues.
Oncotic pressure, which is also known as colloid osmotic-pressure, is a basically a form of osmotic pressure which is induced by the proteins, mainly albumin in a blood vessel's plasma which basically causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary.
It basically shows the opposing effect of both hydrostatic blood pressure pushing water as well as small molecules out of the blood and into the interstitial spaces which are present within the arterial end of the capillaries and interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure.
These interacting factors happen to determine the partition balancing of the extracellular water between the blood plasma and also outside the blood stream. Oncotic pressure therefore strongly affects the physiological function of the circulatory system.
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if there is a large biomass of consumers found in a rain forest, which pyramid would best demonstrate the primary productivity?
Pyramid of biomass is the best one to describe the large biomass of consumers found in a forest.
How can this pyramid define the large biomass of consumers?Ecological pyramid is basically a graphical presentation. This is mainly to describe the relation between living organisms at different trophic levels. In the base of the pyramid there is producers. After this level there is the level of consumers. In pyramid of biomass every level calculates the amount of biomass which is produced by each trophic level. In case of oceans the pyramid of biomass is inverted. But otherwise this pyramid is generally upright.
So, pyramid of biomass can describe this case beautifully.
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what clinical manifestations are expected in the course of altered cellular proliferation and differentiation?
It is suggested that a number of diseases, including as cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid, psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver, are mostly caused by excessive cell proliferation and cellular matrix turnover.
The process of increasing the number of cells is called cell proliferation. Contrarily, cell differentiation is the process of creating several cell types that develop into tissues and organs with particular roles within the body. multiplication of stem cells.
When stem cells divide, one daughter cell stays a stem cell while the other develops (e.g., to an intestinal epithelial cell). Blood cell differentiation serves as a good illustration of stem cells proliferating continuously.
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what combinations of chromosomes are possible in haploid cells following both divisions of meiosis? select all that apply. what combinations of chromosomes are possible in haploid cells following both divisions of meiosis?select all that apply. c1 , m1 , s2 c1 , m1 , s1 c2 , m2 , s2 c2 , m2 , s1 c2 , m1 , s2 c1 , m2 , s2 c2 , m1 , s1 c1 , m2 , s1
A) Mitosis is a cell division that results in a two identical daughter cells. That means that daughter cell will have the same genetic information as their mother cell. Thus, they will have the same combination of chromosomes as the mother cell - C1 and C2, M1 and M2, and S1 and S2.
B) Meiosis is a cell division that results in a reduction of a number of chromosomes by half. So, if the mother cell is diploid, daughter cells will be haploid. After meiosis I, the number of chromosomes is reduced. So, in our example there are 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes will split up after meiotic metaphase I. There are 8 different combinations of chromosomes:
C1-M1-S1, C1-M1-S2, C1-M2-S1, C1-M2-S2, C2-M1-S1, C2-M1-S2, C2-M2-S1, C2-M2-S2
C) After both meiotic divisions, there will be 4 daughter cells that are haploid. After meiosis I, we have 8 different combinations of chromosomes that can be in two daughter cells. These two cells will enter meiosis II which is the same as mitotic division. So, each of these two cells will have identical two daughter cells. Thus, it will be the same combination of chromosomes as is present in the cells after the first meiotic division.
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Full Question ;
A diploid cell contains three pairs of homologous chromosomes designated C1 and C2, M1 and M2, and S1 and S2. No crossing over occurs.
a. What combinations of chromosomes are possible in daughter cells following mitosis?
b. What combinations of chromosomes are possible in cells undergoing the first meiotic metaphase?
c. What combinations of chromosomes are possible in haploid cells following both divisions of meiosis?
both height and eye color in this family follow a pattern consistent with blending inheritance. a. true b. false
Both height and eye color in this family follow a pattern consistent with blending inheritance. The given statement here is FALSE.
Blending inheritance is defined as the expression in offspring consisting of phenotypic characters that are intermediate between those of the parents. For example, pink flower color from red and white parental plants.The main difference between blending and particulate inheritance is that in particulate inheritance the offspring is a result of combination of the parents,while in blending inheritance the offspring is a result of blending of both the parents. Blending inheritance is not true because blending inheritance ultimately results in homologous populations full of intermediate genotypes, and it also fails to explain how genetic variation can persist over evolutionary time.
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of the four horse ancestors indicated on the phylogeny as a, b, c, and d, which one would you predict would be able to thrive in both forest and grassland habitat?
The specific horse ancestor indicated on the phylogeny as "a, b, c, and d" does not provide enough information to determine which one would be able to thrive in both forest and grassland habitats. Here option E is the correct answer.
Phylogenies, or evolutionary trees, depict relationships among species based on their ancestry and common ancestry. However, without additional information about the ecology, behavior, and adaptations of the species, it is not possible to predict which ancestor would be able to thrive in both forest and grassland habitats.
To determine which horse ancestor would be able to thrive in both habitats, researchers would need to analyze a variety of factors, including the species' diet, behavior, anatomy, and genetics. For example, they might examine the types of vegetation present in the habitats and the species' ability to obtain food and water in those environments.
They might also look at the species' adaptations for movement, such as its hooves, legs, and size, and how these adaptations might affect its ability to traverse different types of terrain.
Complete question:
Which of the following horse ancestors, indicated as a, b, c, and d on the phylogeny, would you predict would be able to thrive in both forest and grassland habitats?
A. Ancestor a
B. Ancestor b
C. Ancestor c
D. Ancestor d
E. Insufficient information to determine
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visual examination of the bladder and urethra via a lighted cystoscope is called?
Cystoscopy is basically the procedure which is involves the visual examination of the bladder as well as the urethra via a lighted cystoscope.
A cystoscope is basically a long as well as thin optical instrument which has an eyepiece at one of its end, a rigid and flexible tube present in the middle, and also a tiny lens and light source present at the other end of the tube. A urologist first fills the bladder with the fluid and then looks at the detailed images of the urethra as well the linings of the bladder on a computer monitor.
A urologist performs this procedure in order to find the cause of, and sometimes also treat, urinary tract problems such as, urinary tract infections (UTIs), hematuria, urinary retention, urinary urgency, urinary frequency or urinary incontinence etc.
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rna catalysis can be selected in laboratory experiments. State of True or False. 1. True
2. False
It is true that RNA catalysis can be selected in laboratory experiments. Because it can act like an enzyme for the experiments.
Several biological processes, including RNA processing and protein synthesis, are facilitated by catalytic RNAs. The hypothesis of an "RNA world," in which RNA was used as the starting point for life, was supported by the discovery of catalytic RNA. The fact that nucleic acid can act as an enzyme may seem remarkable. Only a small portion of a protein's chemical space is taken up by its components. However, mechanistic chemists face the challenge of explaining how ribozymes can accelerate reactions by a million times or more.
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