Proteins and carbohydrates are built up from their basic building blocks by a process known as Dehydration synthesis reactions.
The crucial procedure known as Dehydration Synthesis Reactions brings together the constituent parts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. With the removal of water, these processes combine two or more monomers to create a sizable component of a macromolecule.
Dehydration synthesis reactions include the combining or synthesis of the same or distinct monomer units while removing the water molecules from the reaction. It is a specific type of condensation reaction in which two additional molecules cause the elimination of two water molecules.
During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is either released when the hydrogen of one monomer reacts with the hydroxyl group of another monomer or when two hydrogens from one monomer join with one oxygen from the other monomer.
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Although not completely proven, some researchers suggest that consumption of large amounts of caffeine can result in cancers of the bladder, ovaries, colon, and kidneys. True or false
Although not completely proven, it's true some researchers suggest that consumption of large amounts of caffeine can result in cancers of the bladder, ovaries, colon, and kidneys.
How caffeine effect body ?The body readily absorbs caffeine, and the short-term effects often manifest between five and thirty minutes after consumption. Increased breathing, heart rate, mental and physical vigor, as well as increased heart rate, are examples of these impacts. The duration of these effects varies from person to person and can reach 12 hours.
As little as 300 milligrams of caffeine, or about four cups of coffee, can raise your risk of experiencing adverse effects like nausea, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in adults. Caffeine misuse or excessive use in some individuals can also result in: Headaches. Irritability.
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Hypothesis: if iodine is placed on sourdough bread then it will have an instant color change from ____________ to____________ indicating that ___________ is the major organic molecule in bread.
Iodine can instantly change the color of sourdough bread from white to blue-black, suggesting that starch is the main organic molecule in bread.
To check for starch in food, an iodine solution is employed. A bright orange-brown hue can be seen in a solution of potassium iodide (KI) and iodine (I2) in water. if starch-containing samples, such as bread, are included in the sample.
The bread's colour transforms into a rich blue.The starch and the iodine do exchange some electrical charges.The spacings between energy levels are altered as a result, changing the electron configurations. The complex gets its vivid blue colour from the additional spacings, which preferentially absorb visible light.Iodine is frequently used as an indication to check for starch. When starch reacts with the light orange-brown iodine solution, the colour changes to blue-black. This implies that the food item contains carbs.Learn more about Starch here:
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Igg possesses _______ binding sites for antigen, and the t-cell receptor possesses _______ binding sites for antigen:
2, 1
Igg possesses 2 binding sites for antigen, and the t-cell receptor possesses 1 binding sites for antigen.
How are antigen binding sites are formed?The amino-terminal ends of L and H chains (variable domains) combine to form the antigen binding site. Similar to how the folded domains of the constant regions are formed, the two chains are folded to create globular variable domains, VH and VL.IgG: What Does It Mean?Known as immunoglobulin G, It is an antibody of some sort. Your immune system produces antibodies, which are proteins, to combat pathogens. Your cerebrospinal fluid's levels of IgG are measured using a CSF IgG index. Normally, your cerebrospinal fluid contains very little IgG.What is the role played by IgG in the body?IgG is typically the most prevalent antibody in blood. It guards against infections. Therefore, infections are more likely to affect those with IgG deficiencies. Your body produces unique proteins known as immunoglobulins or antibodies when it senses an attack.When IgG is positive, what happens?The presence of IgG indicates that the infection occurred several weeks to months ago. Additionally, it implies that you might no longer be contagious. IgG suggests that you might have some viral immunity, though you might not.To learn more about IgG visit:
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The physiological processes related to stress includes the liver releasing more _____ to nourish the muscles.
The physiological processes related to stress include the liver releasing more glucose to nourish the muscles.
What is Muscle nourishment?Muscle nourishment may be defined as the process through which muscles acquire essential nutrients like glucose for the proper functioning of the body. Muscles play an important role in the movement of the body from one place to another.
Liver stores glycogen in the form of sugar. When the body has an excess level of glucose in the blood, the liver, adipose tissue, brain, etc. convert this form of glucose into glycogen and liberates in form of glucose when the body feels its scarcity during stress conditions.
Therefore, the physiological processes related to stress include the liver releasing more glucose to nourish the muscles.
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The largest known bacterium, thiomargarita namibiensis, can get as large as 0.75 millimeters (mm). is that smaller or larger than a human egg cell (130 micrometers)?
From nanobacteria, which have a diameter of 0.2 micrometres, to Thiomargarita namibiensis, which has cells as large as 750 micrometres, bacteria's biomass ranges by more than 10 orders of magnitude.
Which microorganisms are the tiniest and largest?Mycoplasma genitalium, which has a diameter of 200–300 nm, is the tiniest microbe. While Thiomargarita namibiensis, which has a diameter of 100–300 micrometres, is the largest/longest bacteria (0.1–0.3millimetres).
According to Schulz, it depends on sporadic storms to stir nitrate-rich water into the loose ooze since it is embedded in the sediment. It requires a sizable nitrate container to survive through the times between storms.
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A digestive cavity in which food enters an opening at one end and passes through the animal in one direction as it is digested is called the:________
If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the dna, what would happen at the rna level?.
If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA, No RNA would be produced since the RNA polymerase would be unable to detect and bind the DNA.
Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that specify the point at which RNA polymerase starts to transcribe a gene. Typically, promoter sequences are found at the 5' end or immediately upstream of the transcription initiation point.
Promoter sequences are essential in expression vectors because they regulate how RNA polymerase binds to DNA. DNA is converted to mRNA by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is then translated into a useful protein. Thus, the promoter region regulates the expression of your gene of interest in the organism.
Promoter sequences and terminators are segments of DNA that are located upstream and downstream (respectively) of genes that regulate both the rate of transcription and the rate of mRNA degradation. Therefore, both of these components regulate the expression of a synthetic construct's net protein.
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The regulation of ph by cells is accomplished primarily through? osmosis. bases. acids. the nucleus. buffers.
The regulation of pH by cells is accomplished primarily through osmosis (option A).
What is pH?pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is measured on a scale of 1 - 14, with 7 being the neutral pH.
Our bodies live and die at a cellular level and the cells must maintain acidity or alkalinity in order to function and stay alive.
The regulation of pH in the internal environment of the cell is achieved through the actions of sodium-hydrogen (Na+–H+) ion exchangers and other pumps.
These aforementioned sensors can permit hydrogen ions to pass through the cell membrane, hence, the pH is interrelated with extracellular pH in this respect.
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Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart?.
The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart is acetylcholine.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are produced inside the neuron and play a role in the nervous system to transmit messages from nerve cells to the targetted cells.
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline by the cholinergic neurons. Acetylcholine stimulates muscle cell contraction by binding to its receptors on muscle fibers which results in the opening of the sodium channels so that sodium ions can enter the cell which eventually results in contraction.
The muscarinic M2 receptors present in the heart slow down the heart rate by decreasing the rate of depolarization. Acetylcholine binds to these receptors and activates them which results in decreased contractions of the heart.
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Which organelles produce lysosomes?
Answer:
Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
Lysosome enzymes are made by proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and enclosed within vesicles by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes are formed by budding from the Golgi complex.
5 All of the following are examples of solutions expeept?
A Chocolate Milk
B Trail Mix
C Fruit Juice
D Vonilla ice cream.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The term solution is an idea given whereby a solute ( dissolving substance) dissolves in a solvent( dissolving medium eg water)
solute + solvent = solution
The tendency of water molecules to cling to another substance is called __________________
The tendency of water molecules to cling to another substance is called adhesion.
Imaging filling a bottle with water. When the bottle is filled to the very top, you slowly add a few more drops. You will notice that the water at the top of the bottle forms a dome-like structure before it spills out. This structure is due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of water. Cohesion is the ability of water molecules to stick to one another, and adhesion is the ability of water molecules to cling to other substances.
Water is more likely to cling to other polar substances, that is substances that bear a positive or negative charge. This is because as a polar substance, water molecules have a partial positive charge and a partial negative charge.
Adhesion plays an important role in many biological processes like the movement of water from the roots to the top of trees.
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Melissa's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in down syndrome. this is an example of:_________
Mutation.
Down syndrome was caused by an extra chromosome that Melissa's child was born with. this is an example of mutation.
What does mutation entail?A mutation is a modification to the DNA sequence of an organism.Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.Describe the Down syndrome.Down syndrome is a genetic condition brought on by an extra chromosome.Chromosomes are distinct "packages" of genes found in the human body.They decide how a baby's body will look and function by controlling how it develops during pregnancy and after delivery.A newborn typically has 46 chromosomes.In newborns with Down syndrome, one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21, contains an extra copy.The medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is trisomy.Down syndrome is often referred to as trisomy 21.The newborn may experience difficulties with their mental and physical development because of this extra copy, which modifies how their body and brain develop.Is Down syndrome curable?Down syndrome is incurable. Programs for early intervention can help with skill development.Examples include speech, physical, occupational, and/or educational therapy.Many people with Down syndrome lead happy, fruitful lives with assistance and treatment.To learn more about down's syndrome visit:
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Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys because they believe that:_______
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys Because they believe that since all species are linked, therefore all nervous systems are related and we may learn about the human brain by studying other animals, neuroscientists examine the neurological systems of other animals including slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys.
What are neuroscientists?A scientist who specializes in neuroscience is referred to as a neuroscientist. Neuroscience is a branch of biology that investigates the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy, and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells, especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspects in health and disease (or neurobiologist).
Camillo Golgi is an Italian doctor, neurologist, and the creator of the Golgi apparatus (1843–1926) The majority of neuroscientists work for for-profit, governmental, academic, or academic institutions to perform their research.
Neuroscientists frequently spend their time designing and carrying out scientific experiments that further our understanding of the nervous system and its function in research-focused careers. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research aims to increase our understanding of the nervous system.
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What kind of protein structure is achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule?
When alpha-helical or beta-pleated sections of the polypeptide chain fold over one another to form a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule, the protein structure is said to be tertiary.
What section of the polypeptide chain results in the formation of the alpha-helix or beta pleated sheets?The bonds that occur between every fourth amino acid in the alpha helix twist the chain of amino acids. The "pleats" in the -pleated sheet are created by hydrogen bonds forming between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone.
Beta-Pleated sheets and alpha-Helixes are examples of a protein's secondary structure. Both of them are created by hydrogen bonds between the amino H and carbonyl O of different amino acids.
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The invaginations of the mitochondria, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane, are called.
The invaginations of the mitochondria, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane, are called cristae.
Mitochondria is a double membranous cell organelle. It is also known as the powerhouse of the cell. The reason behind is that mitochondria is associated with the formation of energy for the cell. Mitochondria also consists of its own DNA. Cells like the muscle cells more amount of mitochondria as they require more energy.
Cristae are the finger-like projections of the inner membrane of mitochondria. They are supposed to increase the surface area of the organelle so that more amount of ATP can be produced for the cell. At the membrane is embedded the ATPase that produces the ATP.
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viruses are specific to a particular host due to their , which is composed of subunits, or the , which is formed from glycoprotein.
Viruses are specific to a particular host due to their capsid, which is composed of protein subunits, or the spike, which is formed from glycoprotein.
Capsid is the coat the encloses the genetic material. The capsid if made up of protein subunits. These subunits are repetitive in nature and are called protomers. The capsid not only protects the genetic material of the virus, but also aids in its transport to the host cell.
Spike proteins are actually glycoproteins that may occur in the dimeric or trimeric form. One single spike protein is referred to as peplomer. The major role of the spike protein is to help the virus enter into the host cell.
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During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? amniotic egg paired fins jaws limbs/fins with muscle placenta
During chordate evolution the sequence in which the structures arose are paired fins, jaws, limbs/fins with muscle, amniotic egg, and placenta.
An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata is called a chordate, and all chordates have five synapomorphies—or main characteristics—that set them apart from all other species at some time during their larval or adult stages. The notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal slits, and post tail are among these five synapomorphies. The first of these synapomorphies, the notochord, which is crucial to chordate movement and structure, is where the name chordate originates. Chordates also have a coelom, a circulatory system, are bilaterally symmetric, and show metameric segmentation.
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This hearty component of the hair houses the melanin pigments and provides most of the hair's strength: ________
This hearty component of the hair houses the melanin pigments and provides most of the hair's strength is keratin.
What is melanin?
Melanin is the component present in the body and the main function of melanin is to provide color or complexion to the skin. The skin which contain more melanin is having dark skin color and the skin that contains less melanin contain fair skin.
More melanin in the body will help to protect from rays of the sun and it also prevents from skin cancer and person with less melanin has more chance to get affected by skin cancer.
The main function of melanin is to provide hair and color pigmentation to the body. Keratin is a substance that provides strength to the hair and make hair long and strong.
Therefore, This hearty component of the hair houses the melanin pigments and provides most of the hair's strength is keratin.
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What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Answer:
The phenotypic ratio is the distribution pattern (expressed as a ratio) of the physical characteristics in the offspring obtained after a genetic cross. So, genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio are the two types of genetic ratios used to express the genotype and the phenotype of offspring from a genetic cross.
Explanation:
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Glycosylated molecules are formed with glycosylated molecules are formed with? carbohydrates. nucleic acids. cholesterol. dna. lysosomes.
cholesterol
Glycosylated molecules are formed with cholesterol (lipids).
Why is glycosylation necessary and what does it entail?A crucial and tightly controlled method of processing secondary proteins inside of cells is glycosylation. It is essential for determining the stability, function, and structure of proteins. Glycosylation is known to alter the way proteins are arranged in three dimensions structurally.Which kinds of proteins have glycosylation?Nearly all studied living things have glycoproteins, which are proteins that have been glycosylated. These include eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archae. From simple single-celled organisms to intricate multicellular ones, eukaryotes have the most variety of creatures that express glycoproteins.What does "glycosylated" mean?Through an enzyme process known as glycosylation, carbohydrates are joined to the protein's structural core. A glycoprotein is a protein that has been glycosylated. N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation are the two most prevalent protein glycosylation processes.To learn more about glycosylated molecule visit:
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Consider this animal cell. the organelles in an animal cell are labeled. part f is a network of hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs. what is the function of the organelles that are labeled f?
Part f is a cisterna i.e a network of hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs.
What is a cisterna?cisterna is a flattened membrane vesicle found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
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Part f may be a cisterna i.e a network of hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs.
Function of organelles:
Organelles are structures that do various jobs inside the cell, help maintain a state of balance within the cell, and keep the cell alive. The organelles of an animal cell include the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi body
What is a cisterna?
cisterna is a flattened membrane vesicle found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
What is in an animal cell?
Nucleus, cell wall , cytoplasm and mitochondria are four cell components that are found in both animal and plant cells.
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2. upon being diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver, doctors urge patients to limit the amount of salt intake in their diet to help decrease the rate of scarring. the liver also produces a protein called albumin, which is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure inside the blood plasma compartment of the body. over time scarring of the liver leads to a decreased production of this protein. when the levels fall, the blood plasma becomes (hypotonic, hypertonic) to the interstitial fluid. due to this osmotic imbalance, the tissues become (hypertonic, hypotonic) which leads to fluid seeping from the legs and feet. (2pt)
Signals are given to the kidneys to retain salt and water in the body when liver cirrhosis gets worse. Due to gravity when standing or sitting, extra salt and water first build up in the tissue beneath the skin of the ankles and legs.
What exactly is liver cirrhosis?Healthy liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue in cirrhosis, a disease. The connective tissue reduces the liver's capacity to process nutrients, hormones, medicines, and naturally occurring pollutants as well as limits blood flow through the liver (poisons). Additionally, it reduces the liver's production of proteins and other chemicals.
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As cirrhosis of the liver becomes severe, signals are sent to the kidneys to retain salt and water within the body. the excess salt and water first accumulate in the tissue beneath the skin of the ankles and legs because of the effect of gravity when standing or sitting.
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
Cirrhosis is a slowly developing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue. The animal tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and slows the liver's ability to process nutrients, hormones, drugs, and natural toxins (poisons).
It also reduces the assembly of proteins and other substances made by the liver.
How quickly does cirrhosis progress?
Cirrhosis may be a very slow-acting disease. It can take up to 30 years to develop. the quantity of time it takes for cirrhosis to develop depends on a few factors, including the explanation for the cirrhosis, an individual's general health, lifestyle and genetics. Cirrhosis may be a serious condition.
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How many different rna molecules can be made by bonding five nucleotides together?
Total 265 RNA molecules can be made by bonding five nucleotides together.
What is RNA?
Full form of RNA is ribonucleic acid and it is a nucleic acid which is found in almost all cells that are living and RNA is mostly similar to DNA but there is one difference between RNA and DNA and the difference is that RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded.
The RNA's backbone is made up of phosphate group which is arranged in alternating form and the sugar known as ribose other than the deoxyribose present in DNA. There are four bases found in RNA and these are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.
The main function of mRNA is it work as imedieter between protein and DNA which is utilised by ribosome for the process of direct synthesis of protein, and the function of tRNA is to carry the accurate amino acid to the proteins synthesis site which takes place in ribosome.
Therefore, Total 265 RNA molecules can be made by bonding five nucleotides together.
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In finding a relationship among elements, Mendeleev:
Answer:
used the scientific method
Explanation:
Which of the following describes what food is used for after it is broken down?
Answer:
All of the above. I think this is the answer.
What precautions need to be taken in order to euthanize mice by carbon dioxide inhalation while ensuring the least amount of stress to the animals?
Be using a flow rate that moves 30% to 70% more volume through the cage or chamber each minute precautions need to be taken.
Inhale- To breathe in is to inhale. In contrast to "exhale," which is to breathe out, it is the reverse. Through our lips and nostrils, we take air into our lungs when we inhale, and breathe out again.
Lungs- The two spongy, pinkish-gray organs in our chest are our lungs. Air enters our lungs during inhalation, and oxygen from that air travels to our blood during breathing. Additionally, a waste gas called carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs where it is expelled.
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Secretion of _____________glands are package into vesicles and released by exocytosis.
a. apocrine
b. holocrine
c. merocrine
Answer:
Answer and Explanation: Merocrine secretion delivers the secretory products in membrane-bounded vesicles.
Explanation:
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When the vasomotor center of our brain wishes to increase blood pressure, it increases ____________ signals causing ______.
When the vasomotor center of our brain wishes to increase blood pressure, it increases the heart rate signals causing The greater contraction of the heart causes more blood vessels to constrict, increasing the blood vessels' resistance.
By speeding the heartbeat, making the heart beat harder, and constricting some blood vessels, the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure. This will enhance the vessels' resistance.
What controls blood pressure by the vasomotor center?
The vasomotor center modifies the tone of the vascular smooth muscle. Both the local and systemic blood pressure are impacted by this. The vasomotor center produces increased sympathetic tone when blood pressure lowers. This causes an increase in blood pressure.
How is blood pressure regulated?
The autonomic nervous system has short-term control over blood pressure (ANS). Baroreceptors are capable of detecting changes in blood pressure. These are situated in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. High arterial pressure causes the blood vessel wall to stretch, activating the baroreceptors.
What systems regulate peripheral resistance in the vasomotor center?
The vasomotor center in the tunica media regulates smooth muscle contraction or vessel tone. Circulating output is impacted by changes in peripheral resistance, pressure, and flow. The majority of these neurons are in charge of causing sympathetic neurons to release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
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Experiments involving the administration recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules to transgenic rodents fall under which category of experiments?
Experiments with transgenic animals .If the protocol does involve the use of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules then the research is covered under III-D-4-a.
Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBCs) have been mounted below the NIH Guidelines to offer neighborhood evaluation and oversight of almost all types of studies using recombinant or artificial nucleic acid molecules.
The NIH Director approves those experiments. These experiments won't continue except accepted through the NIH Director and the IBC. The RAC is presently administered and supported through OBA, positioned in the Office of the Director of NIH, as a part of OBA's obligation to supervise federally funded rDNA research.
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