FALSE. The majority of the particular functions performed by the plasma membrane are carried out by Proteins.
What membrane function are carried out by proteins?
Membrane proteins meditate actions that are essential for biological cells to thrive. Receptors facilitate communication between the cell and its surroundings, membrane-embedded enzymes catalyze chemical reactions, and transporters that are embedded in membranes carry ions and bigger solutes across membranes.
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how does a topographic map serve as a good model of a mountain?
Answer:
Since Topographic maps show the elevation, slope, and relief of a land surface by using contour lines, it gives a good contour of the mountain
I hope this helped :)
Answer: cmd c + cmd v
topographic maps show the elevation, slope, and relief of a land surface by using contour lines. Reading the contour lines allows us to visualize how a particular surface feature would look like, whether it has gentle or steep slopes. cmd c + cmd c
Explanation: When looking at a topographic map of a hill or mountain you will see a series of concentric circles or shapes following the contours of the mountain. These circles will gradually get smaller and smaller toward the peak of the mountain.
What body system controls the body by means of chemical molecules called hormones?
Hormones are molecules that are created and released by specific glands to regulate and govern the functioning of particular cells and organs.
What are the functions of hormones?
As we know that hormones are molecules that effectively serve as the body's messengers. The endocrine glands are specialized glands that release these substances(hormones). The body contains many of these endocrine glands. These messengers regulate both psychological well-being and a variety of physiological processes. They play a significant role in preserving the body's homeostasis as well.
Why do hormones have the name "chemical messengers"?
Hormones play the important duty of a messenger. The forebrain region of the hypothalamus contains a large number of neurosecretory cells. These neurosecretory cells are trained to secrete neurohormones, a type of hormone. They cause the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete a number of additional hormones.
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which of the following is a characteristic of gymnosperm reproduction? production of microspores on leaves protection of megasporangia in an integument production of bisexual cones fertilization in strobili or related structures requirement of water for transfer of sperm from pollen to egg
Protection of megasporangia in an integument is a characteristic of gymnosperm reproduction.
Conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes are among the seed-producing plants of the clade Gymnospermae that make up the gymnosperms. The term refers to the fact that their seeds are not contained. In contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants, which are enclosed within an ovary, their seeds are not enclosed. Gymnosperm seeds can grow alone, as in the case of yew, Torreya, and ginkgo, or on the surface of scales or leaves, which are frequently modified to create cones. In the lifecycles of gymnosperms, generations alternate. They have a decreased haploid gametophyte phase that depends on the sporophytic phase and a dominating diploid sporophyte phase. In paleobotany, all non-angiosperm seed plants are referred to as "gymnosperms."
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complete question:Which of the following is a characteristic of gymnosperm reproduction?
A. Requirement of water for transfer of sperm from pollen to egg
B. Protection of megasporangia in an integument
C. Production of bisexual cones
D. Production of microspores on leaves
E. Fertilization in strobili or related structures
If a pollen spore is unable to carry s proteins in its pollen coat, can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar?
Plants can still prevent the germination of pollen that is unable to carry S proteins in its pollen coat, even if it is not too genetically similar.
This is because there are other mechanisms that plants use to prevent self-fertilization and promote outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility systems.
Self-incompatibility is a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants by recognizing and rejecting pollen that is genetically similar to the pistil of the flower.
This mechanism is controlled by a set of genes known as the S-locus genes, which encode for S-RNase enzymes that cleave the RNA of the pollen grain and prevent its germination. However, not all plants use this self-incompatibility system, and some plants have alternative mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization.
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What is the genetic foundation of a particular phenotype that includes contributions of dna from both parents.
The genetic foundation of a particular phenotype characteristics, is basically determined by the interaction of its genetic information or the DNA contributions which it has gained from both the parents.
Phenotype is basically defined as all the observable characteristics of an organism. The phenotype is determined the genetic makeup or the genotype of a particular organism. Every organism receives DNA from both its parents.
The phenotype of the organism depends on how the genes interact. If both the parents of the organism contribute to the same allele, a homozygous genotype is obtained and the phenotype which the individual will show the characteristics whereas if the parents contribute to different alleles, the individual will be heterozygous and will show different phenotype.
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what are the chromosomes called that have swapped an allele? mutated recombinant duplicated replaced
Chromosomes that have swapped an allele are called b)recombinant chromosomes. So,correct option is b.
The exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes during the period of sexual reproduction is called chromosomal crossover or simple crossing over of chromosomes which results in a new recombinant variety. A chromosome is a long DNA atom with part or all of the hereditary material of a creature. In many chromosomes the extremely lengthy meager DNA filaments are covered with bundling proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most significant of these proteins are the histones.
This phenomenon results in the production of offspring with a combination of traits and characteristics. Chromosomal crossover leads to the exchange of DNA sequences by physical exchange of the genetic material over different strands. One of the most noticeable recombinations takes place at prophase 1 during meiosis where homologous chromosomes get arranged in pairs and swap segments of DNA.
Hence, correct option is b.
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(Complete question) is:
what are the chromosomes called that have swapped an allele? a)mutated
b)recombinant
c)duplicated
d)replaced
what is unusual about endocannabinoids or endogenous cannabinoids? what is unusual about endocannabinoids or endogenous cannabinoids? they are retrograde messengers by which postsynaptic neurons act on presynaptic terminals. they contain a chemical structure called catechol. they float in the membrane like adenylyl cyclase. they play an important role in the brain systems that regulate mood.
The unusual about endocannabinoids or endogenous cannabinoid is they are retrograde messengers by which postsynaptic neurons act on presynaptic terminals.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Endocаnnаbinoids аre produced from postsynаptic terminаls upon neuronаl аctivаtion. The two mаjor endocаnnаbinoids: 2-аrаchidonolglycerol (2-АG) is biosynthesized from diаcylglycerol (DАG) by diаcylglycerol lipаse-α (DАGLα), аnd аnаndаmide (АEА) is synthesized from N-аcyl-phosphаtidylethаnolаmine (NАPE) by NАPE-specific phospholipаse D (NАPE-PLD). Аs lipids, endocаnnаbinoids, mаinly 2-АG, reаdily cross the membrаne аnd trаvel in а retrogrаde fаshion to аctivаte CB1Rs locаted in the presynаptic terminаls.
Your options aren't well arranged, but most probably your options were
A. they are retrograde messengers by which postsynaptic neurons act on presynaptic terminals.
B. they contain a chemical structure called catechol.
C. they float in the membrane like adenylyl cyclase.
D. they play an important role in the brain systems that regulate mood.
Thus, A is the correct option.
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What type of bond holds nitrogen bases together?
Hydrogen bond holds nitrogen bases together.
A hydrogen atom positioned between two other atoms that have a high affinity for electrons interacts with them through a process known as hydrogen bonding. This type of link is stronger than van der Waals forces but weaker than ionic or covalent bonds. Between atoms in the same molecule or in different sections of the same molecule, hydrogen bonds can exist.
The hydrogen atom (FH, NH, or OH) is covalently bonded to one of the pair's atoms (the donor), which is typically a fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen atom, and receives an unequal share of the donor's electrons due to the donor's high electron affinity. This causes the hydrogen to acquire a slight positive charge. The other member of the pair, usually F, N, or O, has an unshared electron pair, which gives it a little negative charge.
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What controls the amount of light reaching the ocular lens in a microscope?
The amount of light reaching the ocular lens in a microscope is controlled by an adjustable diaphragm or iris diaphragm.
What is an adjustable diaphragm or iris diaphragm?
The diaphragm may be adjusted to control the quantity of light that reaches the specimen and is situated in the path of light between the light source and the specimen. The amount of light that reaches the specimen can be altered by expanding or contracting the opening in the diaphragm, respectively. By doing so, the user can modify the brightness of the image and account for changes in the light source's intensity. The diaphragm aids in preventing over-illumination of the specimen, which can harm the cells or tissues being studied, by regulating the quantity of light that reaches the specimen.
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in a cytosolic folded protein, what orientation and/or interaction do the hydrophobic amino acids tend to have?
In a cytosolic folded protein the hydrophobic amino acids are tucked away inside the protein.
Hydrophobic amino acids are non polar in nature and tend to cluster along the interior side of the cluster protein in order to avoid any contact with the aqueous cytosolic environment. For e.g Tryptophan. In this manner they remain secure from water and thus make protein fold stable.
Phenylalanine is displayed as the most hydrophobic amino acids in light of this methodology (Dark and Form 1991 ). Notwithstanding strategies contrasts, there is a decent understanding that the accompanying amino acids: phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, methionine, and proline can be gathered as hydrophobic.
In this interaction non-polar amino acids only interact with the similar kind of molecules and get folded within to form a cluster around the center protein species as this interaction is more energetically favorable than another one.
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Which toxic substance is often used to extract gold and results in harmful environmental effects?a. carbon dioxideb. fluoridec. sulfur dioxided. acid mine drainagee. cyanide
The toxic substance is often used to extract gold and results in harmful environmental effects is Cyanide.
The toxicity of cyanides and their environmental effect are well established. They are, nevertheless, still utilized in the mining, galvanic, and chemical industries. Cyanides are emitted in various ways to all elements of the environment as a result of industrial activity.
Cyanide can be found in nature as cyanogenic glycosides in plant seeds. Excessive intake might result in negative side effects. However, the most prevalent source of cyanide is environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
Cyanide may be converted by living organisms into less harmful chemicals that are expelled with physiological fluids. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current understanding on the behavior of cyanide in the environment and its influence on human health and life.
Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides are employed in a variety of sectors, including silver and gold mining. They are also utilized in the plastic manufacture of various colors, as well as in chemical laboratories. Mines, metallurgical industries, and automobile exhaust gas are all causes of pollution in the environment.
Cyanide ions enter the environment mostly through wastewater. These chemicals can also enter the environment as a result of fires in factories and homes, as well as cigarette smoke.
So, the correct option is Cyanide.
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Which three structures are possessed by all bacteria?a. chromosomes b. cell membranec. ribosomes
Cell membrane, Chromosome(s), Ribosomes are possessed by all bacteria cells
The most of the time, bacteria live in freedom and only have one biological cell. They account for a large chunk of the prokaryotic microbial kingdom. The bulk of the environments on Earth are home to bacteria, which are generally a few micrometres long and were among the earliest living things to emerge. Bacteria may be found in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the Earth's crust. Bacteria play a crucial role in several stages of the nutrition cycle by recycling nutrients like nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the breakdown of dead bodies; microorganisms are in charge of the putrefaction stage of this process.
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complete question:Select all that apply
Which of the following structures are possessed by all bacteria cells?
A.) Cell wall
B.) Glycocalyx
C.) Cell membrane
D.) Chromosome(s)
E.) Ribosomes
the covering that encloses the heart is called the
A fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and major arteries is called the pericardium.
It facilitates the heart's movements, keeps it from colliding with the lungs or other mediastinal structures, and maintains the heart's position in the mediastinum. There are two layers in the pericardium: the fibrous layer and the serous layer. The fibrous pericardium is a sac with a conical shape. The roots of the great vessels at the base of the heart are fused with its apex. Its broad base rests on top of the diaphragm's central fibrous region, which it is fused to. The sternum and the anterior portion of the fibrous pericardium are joined by weak sterno-pericardial ligaments. The fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) is lined by the serous pericardium, a layer of serosa that wraps around the roots of the great vessels to cover the entire surface of the heart (visceral layer).
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evidence is mounting that covid is bad for the brain
It's horrifying to think that a Covid infection might harm your brain. Scientists have determined that neurological alterations, including weariness, brain fog, and memory issues,
Covid. Additionally, even for minor episodes of the virus, some researchers have discovered alterations in the brain. It is true that there is accumulating evidence that Covid-19 can harm the brain. Some patients have reported memory loss, anxiety, and confusion after getting over the infection. Additionally, there have been cases of strokes and other neurological issues in people who have Covid-19. According to studies, the virus can inflame the brain, which can result in long-term neurological damage. It is becoming more and more obvious that Covid-19 can have an adverse and long-lasting effect on the brain as more research is done.
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the superior portion of the nasal septum is formed by the___
The vomer bone makes up the lower section of the nasal septum, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the upper portion.
What shapes the nasal septum's upper half?Lateral upper cartilages: Two triangular-to-trapezoidal cartilages, referred to as the upper lateral cartilages, flank its top half. They are united to the dorsal septum in the midline and laterally connected to the bony boundary of the pyriform aperture by loose ligaments. The upper lateral cartilages' inferior ends are free.
Which bone makes up the nasal septum's inferior portion?In humans, the vomer forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone creates the superior portion.
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of the following terms, which are associated with cnidarians: a: nematocysts b: choanocytes c: gastrovascular cavity d: cubozoa e: cnidocyte f: polyp g: coral h: triploblastic
nematocysts , gastrovascular cavity , cnidocyte , polyp , and coral are body associated with cnidarians.
Cnidarians are a group of invertebrates body that include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They are characterized by the presence of specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain stinging organelles called nematocysts. Cnidarians have a simple digestive system with a single opening, known as the gastrovascular cavity, which functions both as a mouth and an anus. The body form of cnidarians is divided into two basic types: the polyp, which is sessile, and the medusa, which is free-swimming. Cnidarians have a simple body organization and are considered diploblastic, lacking a third germ layer in their embryonic development.
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Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
O Race horses got faster and faster through breeding programs until race times peaked.
O Beef cows have been bred to produce offspring that produce lean and tender beef.
O Very small dogs, which make good house pets, have been produced by selective breeding.
O Dogs with extremely thick fur have thrived in cold climates for thousands of years.
The example of natural selection from the given options is D. Dogs with extremely thick fur have thrived in cold climates for thousands of years.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is a process of evolution by which certain traits or characteristics of living organisms become more or less common in a population over time, based on their ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
This process occurs when there is genetic variation within a population, and certain traits confer an advantage in survival or reproduction in a particular environment, leading to those traits becoming more common over time.
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The photo shows some giraffes. Which item is part of the giraffes'
community?
A. Sunlight
B. Air
C. Water
D. Trees
Answer:
I'd say trees but I'm not sure
The given picture of giraffes with trees shows that tress is a part of the community of giraffe since it provide food and shed to the giraffe. So, option D is correct.
Populations of different species like plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi, that live in one place are referred to as communities.
other given options like sunlight, air, and water are all important part of life, but it is not a part of community.
Since the trees provide food and shelter to the giraffes community so, it is a part of their community.
Therefore, option D is correct.
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what are the fundamental differences, in terms of energy source and chemical end products, between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Water, light energy, and carbon dioxide are the reactants that make glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis.
In cellular respiration, on the other hand, oxygen and glucose react to generate water and carbon dioxide. The primary goal of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy that may be utilized to produce food. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms (animals and plants) break down sugar in the presence of oxygen in order to release energy in the form of ATP.
In cellular respiration, the products and reactants of photosynthesis are reversed: Carbon dioxide and water, which are byproducts of cellular respiration, are the reactants of photosynthesis. The products of cellular respiration are oxygen and sugar, which are reactants.
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Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.- They secrete chemicals that repel neutrophils and monocytes.- They secrete factors that inhibit mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle.- They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.- They secrete vasodilators.- They prevent the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots which have outlasted their usefulness.
Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. They also alter their appearance, activate receptors, and discharge chemical signals.
Platelets play a significant role in hemostasis, the process of halting bleeding at the site of torn endothelium. Except in cases where the obstruction is physically too large, they congregate there and close the opening. To begin with, adhesion occurs when platelets cling to objects outside of the damaged endothelium. Thirdly, they assemble to connect with one another via receptor bridges. When the coagulation cascade is started by this primary hemostasis (platelet clog), fibrin is deposited and linked (secondary hemostasis).
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What is the expected ratio of the offspring of a BbTt x BbTt cross of these alleles assort independently?
The expected ratio of offspring from a BbTt x BbTt cross of these alleles assorting independently is 9 B_T_, 3 B_tt, 3 bbT_, and 1 bbtt, with 9 offspring containing both dominant alleles and 1 bbtt containing both recessive alleles.
What is the significance of Mendel's trait?Mendel explains different laws and rules to better understand the genetics because, as per the independent assortment rules, the gametes are independently assorted and expressed in the offspring. Here 9 B_T_ will produce where these offsprings will express both alleles (either BBTT/BbTt/BbTT/BBTt etc)
As a result, the expected ratio of offspring from a BbTt x BbTt cross of these alleles assorting independently is 9 B_T_, 3 B_tt, 3 bbT_, and 1 bbtt, with 9 offspring containing both dominant alleles and 1 bbtt containing both recessive alleles.
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how do the inclusion bodies assist the bacteria in survival?
Inclusion bodies assist the bacteria in survival as they hold the nutrients which are necessary for the bacteria to survive.
What are inclusion bodies?Cytoplasmic granules or inclusion bodies are concentrated deposits of specific chemicals seen in the cytoplasm of certain bacteria. They act as nutrient storage areas; for example, volutin granules are significant energy reserves held in the form of polymerized metaphosphate.
Inclusion bodies are insoluble protein clumps that are commonly encountered in recombinant bacteria when they are driven to create heterologous protein species.
Inclusions are various non-living intracellular entities (ergastic compounds) that are not confined by membranes.
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what are the advantages of using a chemostat to keep microbial cells in a state of continuous growth?
The advantages of using a chemostat to keep microbial cells in a state of continuous growth are
a uniform population of cells is maintaineda constant growth rate and cell density can be maintainedThe chemostаt is а biologicаl heterogeneous CSTR. The microbes аre considered а solid phаse, аnd for аerobic fermentаtions, oxygen or аir is bubbled through the tаnk to аllow oxygen mаss trаnsfer into the mediа, resulting in а three-phаse reаctor. In а chemostаt, one cаn control the flow rаte аnd mаintаin а constаnt substrаte concentrаtion, аs well аs provide continuous control of pH, temperаture аnd oxygen levels. This аllows control of the rаte of growth, which cаn be used to optimize the production of specific microbiаl products.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were
A. all five phases of growth are represented
B. the chemostat is a good way to maintain sterility
C. a uniform population of cells is maintained
D. a constant growth rate and cell density can be maintained
Thus, the correct answers are C and D.
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Which of these muscles is particularly associated with anchoring the right and left atrioventricular valves?pectinate musclestrabeculae carneaepapillary musclesmyocardium
Right before ventricular systole, papillary muscles shorten to tighten the left and right atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae.
Which muscles help to anchor the left and right atrioventricular valves?The papillary muscles are heart ventricle-based muscle cells. They attach via the chordae tendineae to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves, commonly known as the mitral and tricuspid valves, and contract to stop these valves from prolapsing or inverting during systole (or ventricular contraction).
What muscles regulate the AV valves?pectoral muscles). The papillary muscles and chordae tindineae attach the AV valves to the ventricular walls. As a result, the valves can seal properly and won't prolapse into the atria.
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if a pollen spore is unable to carry s proteins in its pollen coat, can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar? A. Yes in all cases B. No C. Yes but only through sporophytic SI D. Yes but only by gametophytic SI
If a pollen spore is not able to carry S protein in its pollen coat, then the plants can still prevent the germination of this pollen even if it is too genetically similar but only through the sporophytic SI.
Hence, option C is the correct option.
Self-incompatibility or SI is one of the most crucial mechanisms which are used by plants in order to be able to prevent self-pollination and then consequently inbreeding. It is controlled genetically by the S-locus, which is able to allow the recognition as well as the rejection of self, or the S-phenotypically identical, pollen.
If a particular pollen spore is not carrying this S protein in its pollen coat, then the plants will still be able to prevent the germination of this pollen even though too genetically similar but only through the sporophytic SI.
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tattooing can be permanent if the ink particles get trapped in which layer?\
The layer of the epidermis that is responsible for tattooing is the dermis, which lies directly beneath it.
The dermis consists of collagen fibers that form a structural support for the skin and it is also where sweat glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels are found.
Tattoos become permanent when ink particles are inserted into the dermis, and as the epidermis continues to regenerate, the ink particles remain and the tattoo does not fade away. The dermis is more resilient to damage than the epidermis and, thus, is able to maintain the tattoo.
Tattoos are made permanent by using a tattoo machine, which punctures the skin with tiny needles and inserts the ink into the dermis. The ink is then held in the dermis, making the tattoo a lasting addition.
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True or False:
The hypothalamus secretes eight hormones, six to regulate the anterior pituitary and two that are stored in the posterior pituitary.
The given statement " that the hypothalamus secretes eight hormones, six to regulate the anterior pituitary and two that are stored in the posterior pituitary" is false because hypothalamus is secrets important hormones.
The hypothalamus is responsible for the secretion of nine hormones. Two hormones are secreted and stored in the posterior pituitary, including oxytocin and vasopressin. Six hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus and regulate the anterior pituitary, which are growth hormone releasing hormone.
Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, and somatostatin. The ninth hormone, called neuropeptide Y, is secreted and acts on both the anterior and posterior pituitary. Neuropeptide Y is a peptide hormone that affects appetite and stress responses in the body.
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Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
A. Pigments
B. RNA
C. Nucleus
D. Cytoplasm
E. Ribosomes
F. DNA
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a golgi complex, endosomal, mitochondria, microbodies, and vacuoles are present.
In layman's terms, what's really rough endoplasmic reticulum?Proteins and other chemicals flow through a network interconnected membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum, which is located inside a cell.Ribosomes are the organelles where proteins are put together.
What are rough ER and smooth ER?The existence of ribosomes distinguishes RER and SER in the most fundamental way.An ER is known as Rough ER because of the distinctively rough appearance it takes on when ribosomes connect to its surface.A smooth ER, on the other hand, doesn't have ribosomes on it's own surface.
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what is located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna?
The olecranon fossa connects to the olecranon process of the ulna and is situated on the back of the distal end of the humerus, superior to the trochlea.
The olecranon process of the ulna, which crosses the backside of the elbow joint, is where the triceps brachii muscle connects. that will enable the triceps to function as an elbow joint extensor.
The common extensor tendon, which emerges from the lateral epicondyle of the elbow, is directly impacted. The extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris make comprise the common extensor tendon.
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are the primary elbow flexors. The triceps brachii is the primary elbow flexor. The anconeus, however, may possibly be involved in elbow extension.
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herniation of disc material into the vertebral body resulting in a short based endplate depression surrounded by a thin sclerotic rim is known as what?
When the intervertebral herniation-disc's outer fibers (the annulus) are compromised, the nucleus pulposus's soft inner substance ruptures outside of its usual region.
The material from the nucleus pulposus may push into the spinal canal if the annulus tears close to the spinal canal. A Schmorl's node (SN) is the herniation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) through the cartilaginous and bony end plate into the body of the neighboring vertebra, as first described in 1927.
Schmorl's nodes are a typical kind of spinal disc herniation in which the soft tissue of the intervertebral disc protrudes into the neighboring vertebrae via an endplate defect. Schmorl's nodes are frequently detected in the upper lumbar spine and are frequently found by chance during imaging tests.
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