James and Watson were awarded Nobel prize after discovering the double helix structure of DNA.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the majorly found genetic material. The structure of DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands in the form of double helix. There are various types of DNA like; A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA, etc. DNA consists of all the genetic information required to make a body functional.
Double helix refers to the physical DNA structure where two strands wind around each other. These strands are joined together by hydrogen bonds. The complete structure appears as a twisted ladder and this is called a double helix.
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why was the common garden pea, pisum sativum, that mendel used in his genetic experiments an ideal specimen to study genetic crosses?
He picked peas because they had previously been used in comparable trials, they are easy to cultivate, and they can be seeded every year.
Pea blooms have both male and female components, known as stamen and stigma, and self-pollinate. Self-pollination occurs before the flowers open, resulting in offspring from a single plant.
Gregor Mendel chose pea plants for his studies because they grow rapidly, are simple to breed, and have a wide range of characteristics.
Mendel chose pea plants to investigate genetics because they had clearly discernible features Pea plants, for example, are either tall or short, which is a simple attribute to see. Furthermore, because pea plants grow fast, he was able to do a large number of studies in a short amount of time.
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in a cytosolic folded protein, what orientation and/or interaction do the hydrophobic amino acids tend to have?
In a cytosolic folded protein the hydrophobic amino acids are tucked away inside the protein.
Hydrophobic amino acids are non polar in nature and tend to cluster along the interior side of the cluster protein in order to avoid any contact with the aqueous cytosolic environment. For e.g Tryptophan. In this manner they remain secure from water and thus make protein fold stable.
Phenylalanine is displayed as the most hydrophobic amino acids in light of this methodology (Dark and Form 1991 ). Notwithstanding strategies contrasts, there is a decent understanding that the accompanying amino acids: phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, methionine, and proline can be gathered as hydrophobic.
In this interaction non-polar amino acids only interact with the similar kind of molecules and get folded within to form a cluster around the center protein species as this interaction is more energetically favorable than another one.
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simple diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient requires an input of energy to the system.True or False
simple diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient requires an input of energy to the system is false.
A chemical can simply diffuse down its concentration gradient without adding energy to the system. Simple diffusion is an unforced, passive process that moves molecules from one region of higher concentration to another region of lower concentration. The random thermal motion of the particles causes the movement of molecules, and as a result, there is a net shift in the concentration of the particles from high to low. This eliminates the need for energy input from an external source and resulting in an equalization of molecule concentration throughout an area.
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When traits from the parents blend together to form a new trait in the offspring, it is called _________
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Complete dominance
Recessive
When traits from the parents blend together to form a new trait in the offspring, it is called codominance.
What is codominance?When two alleles or genotypes (of both homozygotes) are expressed jointly in offspring, it is referred to as codominance (phenotype).
Two other types of genetic inheritance are codominance and incomplete dominance. It basically means that no allele can prevent or stifle the production of the other allele through codominance.
Therefore, in terms of genetics, codominance is a sort of inheritance in which two distinct expressions (alleles) of the same gene result in distinct features in a person.
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if you are hunting for fossil trilobites, small animals that once lived in the shallow water searching for food among the mud, in which type of rock layers should you be looking?
The type of rock layers you should be looking for if you are hunting for fossil trilobites is sedimentary rock layers.
Trilobites lived during the Paleozoic Era, which lasted from about 541 million to 251 million years ago. During this time, shallow seas covered much of the earth's surface and sediments, such as mud and sand, accumulated on the sea floor. Over time, these sediments compacted and hardened into sedimentary rock, preserving the remains of trilobites and other ancient organisms as fossils.
Sedimentary rock layers from the Paleozoic Era, such as shale and limestone, are some of the best places to look for trilobite fossils. These rocks often contain well-preserved impressions or molds of the trilobites, allowing scientists to study their anatomy and learn about their behavior and habitats.
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n an sds-page gel, which protein would migrate to the positive end of the gel most quickly? 50kd 15kd 35kd 25kd
Protein b)15kd will move faster as SDS- PAGE separate species on the basis of their molecular weight.So,correct option is b.
SDS- PAGE is the widely used technique for qualitative analysis of the protein molecules.The molecules of SDS- PAGE are negatively charged and so they readily bind with the positively charged protein species. In this technique protein gets denatured and broken down into smaller fragments. The standard of SDS-PAGE expresses that a charged particle relocates to the cathode with the contrary sign when set in an electric field. The division of the charged particles relies on the general portability of charged species. The more modest particles move quicker because of less obstruction during electrophoresis.
The speed in SDS- PAGE is directly proportional to the molecular size or molecular Weight. Therefore smaller fragments(15kd) move at a much faster pace in comparison to the large fragments that possess comparatively high molecular weight that is 50kd.
Hence,correct option is b.
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(Complete question) is:
n an sds-page gel, which protein would migrate to the positive end of the gel most quickly? a)50kd b)15kd c)35kd d)25kd
What body system controls the body by means of chemical molecules called hormones?
Hormones are molecules that are created and released by specific glands to regulate and govern the functioning of particular cells and organs.
What are the functions of hormones?
As we know that hormones are molecules that effectively serve as the body's messengers. The endocrine glands are specialized glands that release these substances(hormones). The body contains many of these endocrine glands. These messengers regulate both psychological well-being and a variety of physiological processes. They play a significant role in preserving the body's homeostasis as well.
Why do hormones have the name "chemical messengers"?
Hormones play the important duty of a messenger. The forebrain region of the hypothalamus contains a large number of neurosecretory cells. These neurosecretory cells are trained to secrete neurohormones, a type of hormone. They cause the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete a number of additional hormones.
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.
how does a topographic map serve as a good model of a mountain?
Answer:
Since Topographic maps show the elevation, slope, and relief of a land surface by using contour lines, it gives a good contour of the mountain
I hope this helped :)
Answer: cmd c + cmd v
topographic maps show the elevation, slope, and relief of a land surface by using contour lines. Reading the contour lines allows us to visualize how a particular surface feature would look like, whether it has gentle or steep slopes. cmd c + cmd c
Explanation: When looking at a topographic map of a hill or mountain you will see a series of concentric circles or shapes following the contours of the mountain. These circles will gradually get smaller and smaller toward the peak of the mountain.
what are the advantages of using a chemostat to keep microbial cells in a state of continuous growth?
The advantages of using a chemostat to keep microbial cells in a state of continuous growth are
a uniform population of cells is maintaineda constant growth rate and cell density can be maintainedThe chemostаt is а biologicаl heterogeneous CSTR. The microbes аre considered а solid phаse, аnd for аerobic fermentаtions, oxygen or аir is bubbled through the tаnk to аllow oxygen mаss trаnsfer into the mediа, resulting in а three-phаse reаctor. In а chemostаt, one cаn control the flow rаte аnd mаintаin а constаnt substrаte concentrаtion, аs well аs provide continuous control of pH, temperаture аnd oxygen levels. This аllows control of the rаte of growth, which cаn be used to optimize the production of specific microbiаl products.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were
A. all five phases of growth are represented
B. the chemostat is a good way to maintain sterility
C. a uniform population of cells is maintained
D. a constant growth rate and cell density can be maintained
Thus, the correct answers are C and D.
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Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes - proteins - phospholipids - plasmids - cellulose - peptidoglycan
The following are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes: proteins, phospholipids, peptidoglycan and plasmids, and these components are significant in the prokaryotes as the prokaryotes have no organelles like eukaryotes.
What is the significance of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?The prokaryotic plasma membrane has a different lipid and protein composition than that of eukaryotes, and it provides a fluid and flexible barrier. The prokaryotic plasmids have circular pieces of DNA that are separate from the chromosome and have a significant role in genetic recombination, gene editing, etc.
Hence, the following are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes: proteins, phospholipids, peptidoglycan and plasmids, and these components are significant in the prokaryotes as the prokaryotes have no organelles like eukaryotes.
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describe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis
Internal feedback mechanisms are essential for sustaining homeostasis, which is the act of regulating and stabilizing the body's internal environment. These systems monitor internal environment.
changes and respond to departures from a predetermined point or goal range by activating appropriate physiological responses to restore balance. When body temperature goes above normal, a feedback process in the brain stimulates the hypothalamus, causing perspiration, which cools the skin and reduces body temperature. When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to accelerate cell absorption and reduce blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon is produced to encourage the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream and boost blood glucose levels.
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Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.- They secrete chemicals that repel neutrophils and monocytes.- They secrete factors that inhibit mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle.- They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.- They secrete vasodilators.- They prevent the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots which have outlasted their usefulness.
Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. They also alter their appearance, activate receptors, and discharge chemical signals.
Platelets play a significant role in hemostasis, the process of halting bleeding at the site of torn endothelium. Except in cases where the obstruction is physically too large, they congregate there and close the opening. To begin with, adhesion occurs when platelets cling to objects outside of the damaged endothelium. Thirdly, they assemble to connect with one another via receptor bridges. When the coagulation cascade is started by this primary hemostasis (platelet clog), fibrin is deposited and linked (secondary hemostasis).
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what happens to the chromosomes during metaphase? are there two copies or a single copy of each chromosome?
During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell. There are two copies of each chromosome during the cell division.
Metaphase is the second stage of a cell division process. It occurs in both mitosis as well as meiosis. The chromosomes are arranged in a straight line at the equator during the cell division to form a metaphasic plate. This is done to ensure that each cell receives equal number of chromosomes after division.
Chromosomes are the compact forms of genetic material which is comprised of DNA and histone proteins. The chromosomes are formed before the cell division begins. Two copies of the same chromosome are formed during the S phase of cell cycle.
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If a pollen spore is unable to carry s proteins in its pollen coat, can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar?
Plants can still prevent the germination of pollen that is unable to carry S proteins in its pollen coat, even if it is not too genetically similar.
This is because there are other mechanisms that plants use to prevent self-fertilization and promote outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility systems.
Self-incompatibility is a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants by recognizing and rejecting pollen that is genetically similar to the pistil of the flower.
This mechanism is controlled by a set of genes known as the S-locus genes, which encode for S-RNase enzymes that cleave the RNA of the pollen grain and prevent its germination. However, not all plants use this self-incompatibility system, and some plants have alternative mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization.
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herniation of disc material into the vertebral body resulting in a short based endplate depression surrounded by a thin sclerotic rim is known as what?
When the intervertebral herniation-disc's outer fibers (the annulus) are compromised, the nucleus pulposus's soft inner substance ruptures outside of its usual region.
The material from the nucleus pulposus may push into the spinal canal if the annulus tears close to the spinal canal. A Schmorl's node (SN) is the herniation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) through the cartilaginous and bony end plate into the body of the neighboring vertebra, as first described in 1927.
Schmorl's nodes are a typical kind of spinal disc herniation in which the soft tissue of the intervertebral disc protrudes into the neighboring vertebrae via an endplate defect. Schmorl's nodes are frequently detected in the upper lumbar spine and are frequently found by chance during imaging tests.
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list two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and hemoglobin are the two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells absorb and carry oxygen. These oxygen-rich cells move from the lungs to the left side of the heart via the blood arteries. The body is then circulated with the use of pumps.
O2 and CO2 are the two principal gases transported by the blood. Erythrocytes carry almost all of the oxygen. The smooth, elastic structure of erythrocytes, which are anucleate biconcave discs, allows them to pass through capillaries.
Your body's tissues receive oxygen from red blood cells, also referred to as erythrocytes. Carbon dioxide is expelled from your tissues as oxygen is transformed into energy. In order for you to exhale carbon dioxide, your red blood cells also carry it to your lungs.
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Imagine You created toxin such that binds to the sodium-potassium toxin binds immediately to the sodium-potassium pump: The pump at the potential but does not alter the peak of the action function of sodium and potassium channels: Which of the processes would the toxin prohibit in the neuron? Select all that apply: a. the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential
b. maintaining resting potentlal c. the depolarization phase of an action potential d. returning to resting potential after the potcntal hynerpolarization phase of an action
When the sodium potassium pump is blocked, the cell gradually absorbs sodium while excreting potassium. Both the potassium and sodium equilibrium potentials are affected by these changes in concentration.
What occurs if the sodium-potassium pump breaks down?The intracellular deposition of sodium ions and the extracellular deposition of potassium ions that arise from the sodium-potassium pump failing will disrupt cellular osmolarity and alter membrane potential.
Which of the following are Na+/K+-ATPase pumps?Cells' outer plasma membrane has an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase called the Na+/K+ pump. The Na+/K+-ATPase moves two potassium ions into and three sodium ions out of cells.
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if acetylcholinesterase became nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
If acetylcholinesterase stopped working, acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft and cause overactive acetylcholine receptors.
What is acetylcholine?The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft of the nervous system.
The accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft would happen if the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is in charge of degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, stopped working. As a result, the postsynaptic neurons would experience extended stimulation, which would increase the activity of the cholinergic receptors.
A number of symptoms, such as muscle twitching, contractions, and tremors, as well as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, can be brought on by this overactivity of acetylcholine receptors. In extreme circumstances, this may result in respiratory failure and demise.
This kind of acetylcholine buildup can occur as a result of exposure to certain insecticides and nerve agents, Alzheimer's disease, organophosphate poisoning, and other medical disorders. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in these situations to lessen the symptoms and lower the levels of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
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the vasopressor(s) used to increase blood pressure during an emergency is/are group of answer choices wyamine sulfate. epinephrine. valium. wyamine sulfate and epinephrine.
The vasopressor(s) used to increase blood pressure during an emergency is wyamine sulfate. The pressure in the major arteries is meant when the word "blood pressure" is used without qualifier.
Blood pressure is the force that flowing blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels (BP). The heart's work of pumping blood through the circulatory system is primarily responsible for this pressure. The ratio of diastolic pressure, or the lowest pressure experienced between two heartbeats, to systolic pressure, or the highest pressure experienced during one heartbeat, is frequently used to calculate blood pressure. Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) are used to measure the elevation above the adjacent atmospheric pressure.
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The scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria was-Sean Carroll-Tony Allison-David Attenborough-Tony Romo-Charles Darwin
He was Tony Allison, the scientist who connected sickle-cell anemia with an increased survival rate from malaria. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders that is typically inherited.
"Sickle cell anemia" is the term used to describe the most common type. As a result, the normal haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells, starts to exhibit anomalies. This can occasionally take the shape of a rigid sickle. Infants with sickle cell disease frequently experience problems as young as 5 to 6 months old. A few potential health problems include anemia, swelling hands and feet, bacterial infections, stroke, and pain episodes (also known as sickle cell crises). Those who are older may have ongoing pain. People typically live between 40 and 60 years in wealthy countries.
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if a pollen spore is unable to carry s proteins in its pollen coat, can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar? A. Yes in all cases B. No C. Yes but only through sporophytic SI D. Yes but only by gametophytic SI
If a pollen spore is not able to carry S protein in its pollen coat, then the plants can still prevent the germination of this pollen even if it is too genetically similar but only through the sporophytic SI.
Hence, option C is the correct option.
Self-incompatibility or SI is one of the most crucial mechanisms which are used by plants in order to be able to prevent self-pollination and then consequently inbreeding. It is controlled genetically by the S-locus, which is able to allow the recognition as well as the rejection of self, or the S-phenotypically identical, pollen.
If a particular pollen spore is not carrying this S protein in its pollen coat, then the plants will still be able to prevent the germination of this pollen even though too genetically similar but only through the sporophytic SI.
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transport protein that changes shape when a particle binds with it
A transport protein that is particular to an ion, molecule, or collection of substances is known as a carrier protein.
Which passive transport method makes use of transport proteins?A form of passive transport is facilitated transport. In contrast to simple diffusion, where substances flow across a membrane without the aid of membrane proteins, substances diffuse across the plasma membrane with the aid of membrane proteins in assisted transport, also known as facilitated diffusion.
What causes the shape shift in transport proteins?Carrier proteins are the other class of transport protein. In order to transport the molecule across the plasma membrane, carrier proteins must adapt their structure. After the ion or molecule has been bound, carrier proteins alter their form to "transport" the ion or molecule across the membrane.
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Complete question:
A transport protein that is particular to an ion, molecule, or collection of substances is known as a .
one possible effector response to a hormone is contraction of smooth muscle. this can be exemplified by contractions of the uterus under the influence of
Smooth muscle contraction is one potential effector reaction to a hormone. The uterus contracting when oxytocin is present is one example of this.
The uterine muscles are stimulated to contract by oxytocin, and prostaglandin production rises as a result, intensifying the contractions even further. If labor has not begun naturally, artificial oxytocin may be administered. It may also be used to intensify contractions to speed up deliveries.
Circulating oxytocin induces uterine contractions, and oxytocin released in the brain affects the physiology and behavior of the mother during labor. During childbirth, oxytocin induces the smooth muscle cells in the uterus to contract and causes the mammary glands to secrete milk.
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the nurse is learning about mitochondrial dna mutations. she learns that they generally affect which tissues and organs?
The mitochondrial DNA mutations generally affect the neuromuscular tissues and organs.
Mitochondrial DNA is the genetic material of the cell organelle mitochondria. Since it contains its own DNA it is called a semi-autonomous organ. The mitochondria are abundantly present in neuromuscular region due to their high energy requirements and that is why mitochondria mutations affect these tissues the most.
Mutations are any changes from the normal sequence of the genetic material. These changes affect the normal functioning of the body and hence are usually considered harmful. Some mutations do not affect the body and therefore are called the silent mutations.
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of the following terms, which are associated with cnidarians: a: nematocysts b: choanocytes c: gastrovascular cavity d: cubozoa e: cnidocyte f: polyp g: coral h: triploblastic
nematocysts , gastrovascular cavity , cnidocyte , polyp , and coral are body associated with cnidarians.
Cnidarians are a group of invertebrates body that include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They are characterized by the presence of specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain stinging organelles called nematocysts. Cnidarians have a simple digestive system with a single opening, known as the gastrovascular cavity, which functions both as a mouth and an anus. The body form of cnidarians is divided into two basic types: the polyp, which is sessile, and the medusa, which is free-swimming. Cnidarians have a simple body organization and are considered diploblastic, lacking a third germ layer in their embryonic development.
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Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
A. Pigments
B. RNA
C. Nucleus
D. Cytoplasm
E. Ribosomes
F. DNA
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a golgi complex, endosomal, mitochondria, microbodies, and vacuoles are present.
In layman's terms, what's really rough endoplasmic reticulum?Proteins and other chemicals flow through a network interconnected membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum, which is located inside a cell.Ribosomes are the organelles where proteins are put together.
What are rough ER and smooth ER?The existence of ribosomes distinguishes RER and SER in the most fundamental way.An ER is known as Rough ER because of the distinctively rough appearance it takes on when ribosomes connect to its surface.A smooth ER, on the other hand, doesn't have ribosomes on it's own surface.
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Hypothesis
Lakes are divided into 3 zones, and if the zone that is the closest to the shore is nutrient rich, then it tells us that it’s more likely to find living creatures there compare to other zones.
Activity
According to the given hypothesis, how are you going to test the nutrients level and the diversity of organisms living in that specific zone?
The diversity of organisms can be predicted by the number of species in the lake, and by EC/TDS meter nutrients of the lake can be measured.
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety of all the diverse species of organisms that dwell on our planet, including plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. To support and sustain life on earth, each of these organisms coexists in delicate balance inside ecosystems.
The diversity of the lake can measured by the number of species of organisms in the lake, and nutrient level can be measured by EC/TDS meter.
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What controls the amount of light reaching the ocular lens in a microscope?
The amount of light reaching the ocular lens in a microscope is controlled by an adjustable diaphragm or iris diaphragm.
What is an adjustable diaphragm or iris diaphragm?
The diaphragm may be adjusted to control the quantity of light that reaches the specimen and is situated in the path of light between the light source and the specimen. The amount of light that reaches the specimen can be altered by expanding or contracting the opening in the diaphragm, respectively. By doing so, the user can modify the brightness of the image and account for changes in the light source's intensity. The diaphragm aids in preventing over-illumination of the specimen, which can harm the cells or tissues being studied, by regulating the quantity of light that reaches the specimen.
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term associated with farsightedness that occurs with aging
The term associated with farsightedness that occurs with aging is Presbyopia. As a consequence of this, things appear out of focus.
In contrast to the cornea, the lens has some flexibility and the ability to change shape with the assistance of a circular muscle that surrounds it. The circular muscle relaxes when you look at something from a distance. The muscle contracts when you look at something nearby, allowing the relatively flexible lens to curve and alter its focusing power.
The lens of your eye becomes harder as you get older, which is what causes presbyopia. Your lens can no longer bend to focus on close-up images as it gets stiffer.
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a friend in your biology study group claims that eggs in mosses are fertilized by spores. what is wrong with that statement?
The statement is incorrect; mosses do not lay eggs in order to reproduce. Mosses cannot be fertilized by spores because they do not generate eggs.
Small, non-vascular plants called mosses often flourish in wet, shaded environments. By dispersing spores, which are created in an organ known as the sporangium, they proliferate. The spores germinate when they touch down in a favorable environment, creating a gametophyte that generates both sperm and egg cells. A new individual moss plant is created by the sperm and egg cells fusing together. A stage in a plant's life cycle during which gametes are produced is called a gametophyte. It belongs to the plant life cycle's haploid generation and normally consists of a single cell or a body with many cells.
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