ecology - day 2 aquatic systems​

After recording the growth of the organisms over another ten-week period, this time in water that averaged 25°C the temperature of the medium causes the growth graph to fluctuate up and down.

The line climbs upward due to the existence of the optimal temperature for the growth of that organism, which grows best in the temperature range of 15°C to 25°C.

The graph swings downward because the water temperature is unsuitable for the growth of that organism, which grows best in the temperature range of 5°C to 15°C.

We can infer that the growth rate changes owing to water temperature as the organism grows best in the 25°C to 35°C temperature range and the graph swings downward because the water temperature is not conducive to its growth.

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In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the contribution of anaerobic energy production/ fast glycolysis and is denoted as option B.

This is referred to as a type of physical activity which helps to keep the body fit and improves the general well being of individuals.

Anaerobic glycolysis is also referred to as fast glycolysis and occurs during short intense exercises. During this process, glucose is transformed into to lactate when there are limited amounts of oxygen present in the cells.

There is no adequate energy produced in this process unlike in aerobic glycolysis which has sufficient amount of oxygen and the exercises are less intense.

This is therefore the reason why option B was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

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The options are:

a. aerobic energy production/slow glycolysis

b. anaerobc energy production/ fast glycolysis

c. the Kreb cycle to the production of ATP

d. the electron transport chain to produce ATP

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria. Free-living bacteria have lost motility in mitochondria over time.

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The food that is not a good source of complex carbohydrates is milk.

The carbohydrate is one of the six classes of food.  The six classes of food that we have are;  fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals and water. Carbohydrates are made up of glucose molecules as it is a macromolecule.

These molecules are eaten for the purpose of energy because they are broken down in the body to give glucose which is a source of energy in the body.

Thus, the food that is not a good source of complex carbohydrates is milk.

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Algae, bird, earthworm is the producer, consumer, and decomposer, respectively.

Decomposers are organisms that disintegrate rotting or dead species. Only few kingdoms, like fungi, can actually do decomposition. Decomposers are heterotrophic, which means they obtain their energy, carbon, and nutrients for growth and development from organic substrates like herbivores and predators do. Although the terms "decomposer" and "detritivore" are frequently used interchangeably, detritivores internally consume and digest dead matter, whereas decomposers directly take nutrients through external chemical and biological processes.

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In eukaryotes, Messenger RNA is specific to the synthesis of only one type of protein.

Messenger RNA or also known as mRNA is a single stranded RNA molecule and it carries genetic information of DNA to convert into proteins. It is created when enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA.

The genetic code taken by mRNA is first converted to amino acids which then is used to synthesize protein.  Genetic information of DNA is stored in mRNA in the sequence of nucleotides which are then arranged into codons. Each Codon is specific for an amino acid but the stop codon is used to stop the protein synthesis.

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An exocrine gland that is branched with sacs at the end of each branch would be classified as compound acinar gland.

The classification is given depending on the secretory portion of the exocrine glands. They can be tubular, alveolar, or acinar. Also depending on the shape they have they can be simple if their excretory duct does not branch, simple branched when it has several secretory units that excrete to the same tubule

The tubuloacinar glands are a type of compound exocrine gland in which tubular and other acinar secretory parts can be found. All its secretion products converge in a single excretory duct. This type of compound acinar gland can be found, for example, in the exocrine pancreas.

Therefore, we can confirm that an exocrine gland that is branched with sacs at the end of each branch would be classified as compound acinar gland.

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Intracellular fluid contains high levels of k , large anions, and proteins.

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Answer:

Observing an organism under the microscope which has a cell wall, no chloroplasts, and a nucleus. your prediction would be that this organism is a(n) fungus.

Explanation:

Each species of the eukaryotic category of organisms, which also covers the more well-known mushrooms and microbes like yeast and mold, is referred to as fungi. Apart from the different other eukaryotic kingdoms, which according to one classification contain Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, as well as Chromista, these species are categorized as a kingdom.

Chitin in their cell walls distinguishes fungi mostly from plants, bacteria, as well as certain protists, putting them in a unique kingdom. Like mammals, fungi consume dissolved substances by absorbing them; normally, they do this by releasing digestive enzymes towards their surroundings.   The majority of fungi are not toxic, however some of them can be. There are two types of fungal infections: primary and parasitic. Systemic infections are ones that spread throughout the body, whereas localized infectingifons are diseases that only affect one location.

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Peptide bonds are the type of bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein.

Which bonds maintain the primary structure of a protein?

Peptide bonds are specific type of bonds which connect two or more amino acids together in order to maintain the primary structure of a protein. A peptide bond is also called eupeptide bond. This is a chemical bond that is formed by combining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino group. We know that protein is made up of amino acids which are the building blocks of protein. Without this bond, protein molecule can not formed because amino acids are unable to combine together.

So we can conclude that Peptide bonds are the type of bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein.

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Correct. The solution in the beaker is hypertonic to the cell interior because its solute concentration is about 20%, which is greater than 15%. Water tends to leave the cell.

When placing two solutions together separated by a membrane, we can classify them according to their solute concentration,

In this example, we will assume the circle is a cell,

The solution in the beaker is hypertonic to the cell interior because its solute concentration is about 20%, which is greater than 15%.

The interior of the cell is hypotonic to the solution in the beaker, because it is more diluted. It has 85% water, which is higher than 80% water. Water tends to leave the cell moving forward to the beaker solution.

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The correct answer is pH of 5.5 Increasing the H3O+ by 10 fold decreases the pH by 1 unit so an increase of 100 would decrease the ph by 2 units .

When the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution increases by a factor of ten, the pH of the solution decreases by one. The acidity of a solution is thus defined as its hydrogen ion concentration [H+] expressed as the solution pH. The pH of a solution is more precisely defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration: pH=log[H+].

Most natural changes occur as a result of interactions with surrounding rock (particularly carbonate forms) and other materials. pH can also change as a result of precipitation (particularly acid rain) and wastewater or mining discharges 13. Furthermore, CO2 concentrations can affect pH levels.

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Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as abnormal metabolic processes. So the correct option is A.

If enough cells are destroyed as a result of toxic damage to cells, there may be tissue or organ failure, which eventually results in organism death. Discussions of cellular toxicity and biochemical toxicity are essentially inseparable.

The majority of detectable cellular alterations and cell death are brought on by certain biochemical alterations either inside the cell or in the tissue around it. There are, however, a few circumstances in which a harmful chemical or physical substance might harm cells without actually altering any particular chemicals present in the cell or its membrane.

Physically damaging substances like heat and radiation can harm a cell by coagulating its contents (similar to cooking). There are no particular chemical reactions in this situation. A cell may be deprived of vital supplies necessary for existence due to a compromised food supply (such as oxygen and glucose).

Therefore the correct option is A.

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Answer: D

Explanation:

All organisms need food that contains macromolecules in order to survive. because food provides macromolecules that are all used for energy by cells so they can continue to function and do chemical reactions.

A food is a type of substance that provides nutrients to our body. Nutrients are substances that provide energy for performing different activities such as growth, breathing, digesting food, and keeping our body warm. These materials are used for the growth and repair of the body and also keep our immune system healthy. Food also provide energy that is needed to keep the body breathing, movement, growth and repair of tissues.

So we can conclude that All organisms need food that contains macromolecules in order to survive. because food provides macromolecules that are all used for energy by cells so they can continue to function and do chemical reactions.

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The cell theory demonstrates the scientific definition of a theory in three ways. First,  it's been tested extensively. Second, it summarizes the research and observations of the many different scientists who worked at different times. Third, it allows researchers who observe evidence of cellular structure in unknown objects to form predictions about the object such as whether it is a living thing and it can reproduce itself.

What is a cell theory?

Cell theory states that the cell is the basic functional and structural unit of all living organisms. Now, modern cell theory adds that all living organisms are made up of cells and cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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In cells, metabolic pathways can be regulated at many different levels by the following processes allosteric regulation, protein modification, gene expression, substrate sequestration, and cell signaling.

metabolic pathways is a series of reactions that occurs in our body. There are various ways of controlling the metabolic pathways.

Allosteric regulation is the modification of the protein structure to change its active site and turn it on or off.

Sometimes during high demand gene expression increase to increase the amount of substrate.

in cell signalling hormones are used to turn off the genes while in substrate sequestration the substrate is accumulated in a compartment and not allowed to interact with enzyme.

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A manner of studying human development that stresses the fluctuations that occur constantly throughout life is referred to as the dynamic systems theory.

Human Development- The examination of the chronological events or developments that take place from fertilization to the emergence of the zygote, to the development of the human during pregnancy, from birth through adolescence, and into adulthood.

Zygote- A zygote is the result of the fusion of an egg cell and a sperm cell, sometimes referred to as a fertilized ovum/Egg. In the days after conception, the zygote quickly divides from a single cell at first.

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Explanation:

osmosis

refers to the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules through a cells partially permeable membrane

Importance

- it stabilizes the internal environment of the organism by balancing the level of water and intracellular fluids

General category: Biology.

Sub-category: Cellular membranes

Topic: Diffusion

Introduction:

Diffusion is the random movement of molecules in a given medium toward a state of equilibrium. Then, diffusion is the net movement from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration.

First of all, remember that if a cell membrane divides a solution into separate compartments, the movement of the different solutes can be affected by the properties of the membrane. The passage of substances depends on whether the membrane is permeable or semi-permeable to different solutes.

Now, the concept of osmosis is based on the idea of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes. This means that water will diffuse from a region of its higher concentration (lower concentration of solutes) to a region of its lower concentration (higher concentration of solutes).

Osmosis is vital to maintain the osmotic equilibrium necessary for the cell to function. Remember that osmotic equilibrium is the ratio of intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. For example, osmotic balance is of vital importance in the functioning of the nephron.

We can conclude that the correct answer is:

Osmosis:

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes where the water will diffuse from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration.

Biological importance of osmosis:

Osmosis is vital to maintain the osmotic equilibrium necessary for the cell to function.

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C. Destruction of antigens by antibodies and Protects the body against circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria are the best to educate about the Humoral Immunity.

Antibody- A protein produced in response to an antigen by plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response).

Antigen- Any substance that triggers the body's immune system to react negatively to it. Toxins, chemicals, germs, viruses, and other things originating from the outside of the body are examples of antigens. Antigens on body tissues and cells, including cancer cells, can elicit an immune response.

The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question,

The nurse assists and educates clients on the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity. Which would be the best description by the nurse to the clients about humoral immunity?

1. Destruction of antigens by antibodies

2. Destruction of antigens by T cells

3. Exposure to disease-causing organisms over one's lifetime

4. Protects the body against circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria

a) 3, 4

b) 1, 4

c) 1, 2

d) 2, 3

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Answer:

If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow down. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up.

Explanation:

Which is why it is essential to have a normal body temperature in order chemical reactions to catalyze (continue).

Moving from superficial to deep in a bone, the parts of the bone that would be encountered in a sequence periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity.

The functions of the bones are as follows:

While moving from the outside to the inside of the bones, we undergo numerous layers of the bones like the periosteum which is the dense, tough, outer shell that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Endosteum is the compact layer of tissues that is hard and surrounded by the smooth layer that protects the tissues. The medullary cavity is also known as cancellous tissue which is porous and honeycombed material inside the bones.

Therefore, the sequence of the bone parts from superficial to deep is the periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity.

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No, it is not better to rely on regional data from individual countries when looking at global trends.

Disappointment with strategies that operate at a global level may explain why companies that do perform well internationally apply a regionally oriented strategy in addition to—or even instead of—a global one. put differently, global as well as regional companies need to think through strategy at the regional level.

What is regional data?

Regional data collection improves the performance of your sites and mobile apps by minimizing the space and total time required for data to be sent across a secure connection to data centers.

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Explanation:

Enzymes are proteins.They can catalyse different reactions they can be regulated in different ways with is very important to regulate the metabolism.Enzyms can catalyse different reactions bacause they have active center with help the molecules of the substrate to "meet each other" more easily and that lowers the the energy point needed for the reaction

Answer:

B, Kristen can find out the sex of her fetus using ultrasound as early as 14 weeks but most doctors schedule an ultrasound at around 18 to 21 weeks

An individual with type b blood has Antibody b on the plasma membrane of the red blood cells and antigen A in plasma.

There are mainly four types of blood groups A, AB, O, and B. Blood group O is the universal donor, and blood group AB is the universal receiver.

Blood group A has antibody A on the plasma membrane of the red blood cells and Antigen B in plasma. Blood group AB does not have any antibodies in plasma. Blood group O does not have any antigen in red blood cells.

Blood groups are classified as Rh positive and Rh negative on basis of the presence and absence of Rh antigen. If Rh antigen is present blood group is called Rh positive and if Rh antigen is absent it is called Rh negative.

Therefore, An individual with type b blood has Antibody b on the plasma membrane of the red blood cells and antigen A in plasma.

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