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Renal failure occurs when the Kidney's fail to function ar required.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

In the field of biotechnology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method to make several copies of DNA within no time in labs.

At the beginning of the process, the DNA strands are separated from the original double-stranded DNA molecule by applying heat so that each stand serves as a template.

The Taq DNA polymerase then adds primers to the template strand and uses nucleotides to make the complementary strand. Taq polymerase is specifically used because it can withstand high temperatures. The process in which primers are attached to the DNA strands is referred to as annealing and the process where nucleotides are further added is referred to as an extension.

Hence, the basic requirements of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

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Answer

Commensal bacteria stimulate the immune system of the host to enhance defense mechanisms that block pathogen entrance and colonization.  Moreover, by creating antimicrobial properties and signals & fighting with other bacteria for food and attachment sites, such bacteria might effectively limit the spread of respiratory infections. In healthy animals, the majority of commensal bacteria live inside the intestine's lumen, although some are also found in immediate contact with the intestinal epithelium. New studies have shown that commensal bacteria may live in stable stomach lymphoid tissues. But every once in a while, especially when they travel to other areas and leave their natural habitat, these commensal bacteria might cause illness. In both old and very and also in young persons, it can spread throughout the rest of the body, causing pneumonia, infection, and meningitis.

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Some properties of neoplastic cells are the same as the properties of normal cells, including mitosis.

Neoplastic cells are those that gain the property of dividing uncontrollably. These cells form aggregate of cells also called the tumor, which if gain the property of metastasis, become cancerous. If they are present at one place only, they are termed as benign.

Mitosis is the form of cell division. It is also called equational division. The genetic material is passed as it is from the parent cell to the daughter cells. There are 4 phases in mitosis. These are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. All the somatic cells in humans undergo mitosis.

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The scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes is known as biological psychology.

In simple terms, we can describe biological psychology as a study in which the biological aspects of psychology are concerned.

Various biological bases, other than the brain, such as the nervous systems, hormones, and DNA are involved in a psychological response produced by a person. The study of these various aspects comes under biological psychology.

The various nervous system actions, hereditary features, chemical messages, and reactions that all work in providing a psychological response are studied under biological psychology.

Apart from the biological features, there are many other factors that play an active role in generating a psychological response. For example, environment, social cultures, drugs, etc.

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Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene.

Given that both species consume the same resources, the relationship between red-tailed hawks and black racer snakes is one of competition (rodents).

Predator-prey relationships are interactions between two species in which one species serves as the other's prey. The term "predator" refers to an organism that feeds, and the term "prey" refers to an organism that is fed upon. There are countless instances of predator-prey relationships.

The Lotka-Volterra model makes the assumption that a predator's rate of prey consumption is inversely related to its abundance. As a result, the only factor affecting predators' ability to feed is the availability of prey.

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Genetic disorders are caused either by an alteration in DNA that disrupt(s) the single-gene sequence or chromosomal rearrangements.

What is DNA?

DNA is an organic molecule that holds instructions for synthesising proteins as well as genetic data. Most cells in every organism contain it. DNA plays a crucial role in reproduction because it allows for the hereditary transmission of traits from one or more parents to their offspring.

What are chromosomes?

The thread-like components known as chromosomes are found in the nucleus of both animal and plant cells. Protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid make up each chromosome (DNA). DNA is passed down from parents to children and contains the precise instructions that give each kind of living thing its individuality.

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Amygdala. The word "amygdala" relates to the structure's almond-like form. The left and right amygdalae, which are situated immediately adjacent to the hippocampus, are crucial to how we react emotionally, including how we feel pleasure, fear, anxiety, and rage.

The limbic system's hyperactivity in reaction to unpleasant or provocative stimuli, particularly those that cause anger, including brain regions like the amygdala, is the other significant dysfunction linked to impulsive aggressiveness and violence.

Although there is considerable disagreement among scientists over which structures belong to the limbic system, the amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus are all universally recognised as three of them.

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The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of (b) eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells are the advanced cells that have fully developed true nucleus and all the cell organelles. The cell organelles are mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, etc. These cells have 80S ribosomes. The organisms that possess a eukaryotic cell are: protozoans, plants, fungi and animals.

Nucleus is the double membranous structure that stores the genetic material. The membrane of the nucleus has small pores that regulates the traffic of substances crossing the membrane. It also regulates all the activities of the cell. It is also called the central unit of the cell.

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A sometimes fatal syndrome, characterized by hypertensive crisis, extreme agitation progressing to delirium, and coma is known as serotonin syndrome.

Serotonin syndrome refers to a group of serious symptoms that may appear as a consequence of more than normal levels of serotonin in the body. It is usually related to an increased usage of medicines that comprise serotonin.

Serotonin is generally involved in the narrowing of the arteries which results in a blood clot to heal wounds. However, increased levels of serotonin as in the case of serotonin syndrome can cause excessive narrowing of the arteries that prompts a severe increase in blood pressure which may result in a hypertensive crisis.

Serotonin is also responsible to manage mood and anxiety. However, an increase in serotonin level may alter the normal mental state which may result in delirium.

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Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly artificially selected crop plants is corn.

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The simple way in which the students might have collected and expressed this plant species ranking as abundant common and rare species are on the basis of comparing the species according to their how much they are widely seen and grown.

The students which carry a great sense of observation understand and can identify plants which they see always which are common, those that are everywhere and highly abundant and those which are the minorities among plant species.

This simply refers to the process of grouping living organisms based on their similarities and differences.

Generally, plants species regardless of any of its abundance nature; are classified as:

So therefore, the simple way in which the students might have collected and expressed this plant species ranking as abundant common and rare species are on the basis of comparing the species according to their how much they are widely seen and grown

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Epithelial cells best suited for resisting abrasion and preventing pathogen entry into deeper tissues are stratified squamous epithelial cells.

Stratified cells are layered cells, squamous cells are flat and epithelial cells are covering cells. Therefore, stratified squamous epithelial cells are flattened, layered covering cells arranged on a basement membrane.

Stratified squamous epithelial cells have very little to no intercellular spaces which prevent pathogen from passing through and entering into the deeper tissues. They are well suited for resisting abrasion because the uppermost layers are subsequently sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. These types of cells form the outermost layer of the skin.

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Nucleosides - Do not contain a phosphate group, and are the product when a base bonds at C1 of ribose or deoxyribose

Nucleotides - Contain a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group, are the monomers of nucleic acids, and can be named deoxyguanosine 5'- monophosphate

Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Are found in RNA and DNA, contain a base and a monosaccharide, and may contain either ribose or deoxyribose

A nitrogenous base, typically a purine or pyrimidine, and the five-carbon sugar ribose are what make up nucleosides (bottom). A polynucleotide containing the carbohydrate ribose is referred to as a ribonucleotide or RNA. A nucleotide is simply a nucleoside with an additional phosphate group or groups (blue).

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A biological model of living systems as whole entities which maintain themselves through continuous input and output from the environment, developed by ludwig von bertalanffy is known as General system theory.

Biological model of living system is defined as open and self organizing life forms which are continuously interacting with the environment. These systems maintain the flow of information, energy and matter.

General system theory of biological model of living system was proposed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1968. The theory relates to finding a general theory that can explain all the systems in the field of study.

It is an interdisciplinary practice to describe the systems with interacting components, which can be applied to biology, and other field as well.

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The organizations who would presumably have the most divergent opinions on offshore oil drilling are environmentalists and oil businesses.

Oil drilling lowers the pressure in subterranean oil reservoirs, which significantly lowers seepage of hydrocarbons and atmospheric methane gas. Increased drilling activities, according to scientific theory, may continue to improve atmospheric and aquatic conditions.

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Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage-shaped structures called: Mitochondria.

The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).

In addition to producing bioenergy, mitochondria also play important roles in apoptosis, autophagy, heme biosynthesis, oxygen sensing, and calcium homeostasis.

They are tubular-shaped organelles bound by double membranes. The abrupt structural changes from a tubular to a globular shape, known as mitochondrial fragmentation, are brought on by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The globular mitochondria that arise are known as swollen or ring/doughnut mitochondria.

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Answer: Archimedes

Explanation:

Answer:

Below

Explanation:

Not necessarily. Everything is always subject to change and exceptions. However, they do a good job of representing the general idea of energy flow throughout the different parts of an ecosystem

Paleoanthropology uses the fossil record to examine the anatomy and behavior of our relatives in the past.

What is Paleoanthropology?

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A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a variety of foods to support metabolic functions.

The Metabolic function may be characterized as the instance when your body utilizes a process known as metabolism in order to convert food and liquids into energy.

This complicated approach significantly includes calorie-dense foods and beverages that remarkably authorize your body to liberate the energy it requires to function.

Metabolic processes typically include numerous chemical reactions that keep you alive. One major example of metabolism is the rate at which you burn fat and consume calories. The constant anabolic and catabolic chemical and physical processes that take place in living things and their cells.

Therefore, a desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a variety of foods to support metabolic functions.

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Cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in foods such as glucose and fatty acids and uses the energy to make ATP, which is later used by the life forms for the different processes.

There is energy present in various foods, such as carbohydrates, which have less energy than lipids, so when carbohydrates are consumed, the person receives different energy than that of fats, and these energies are used in the body. The body uses cellular respiration, and in the presence of oxygen, the cell breaks down the food via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ETC processes to extract the majority of the ATPs from food.

Hence, cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in foods such as glucose and fatty acids and uses the energy to make ATP, which is later used by the life forms for the different processes.

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Answer:

the answer is

Explanation:

the cells that gather this sensory information are part of the "peripheral" nervous system

Oxytocin - This is controlled by the posterior pituitary.

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control a variety of bodily functions, including growth and reproduction. Released hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate and inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones, respectively. Somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, and corticotrophs are five different types of anterior pituitary cells that secrete seven different hormones. hGH, also known as GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, and MSH, are the seven hormones.

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H₂O molecule (labeled a) that is removed from monomers during dehydration synthesis to create the disaccharide.

A water molecule is released during the process of making larger molecules out of smaller monomers, which is known as dehydration synthesis. This can be applied to the synthesis of big biological molecules like triglycerides and carbohydrate polymers, as well as artificial polymers such polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

The dehydration synthesis reaction is used in a wide range of biological or chemical activities. Examples include the conversion of monosaccharides like glucose into disaccharides like sucrose and the condensation of alcohol to produce ether. A dehydration synthesis reaction may be catalyzed by an acid.

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Function: -
The advancement of the central nervous system, the growth and operation of the reproductive organs, and also the metabolism and blood sugar level, are all regulated by the endocrine system, which is made up of all the various hormones produced by the body from conception and via adulthood and into old age.

Metabolism- The alterations in an organism's or a cell's chemistry. These modifications generate the ingredients and energy that cells and organisms require to develop, procreate, and maintain health. Anabolism and catabolism are components of metabolism.

Hormones- Chemicals called hormones function in the body as messenger molecules. They are created in one area of the body and then go to other areas where they assist regulate how cells and organs function.

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The study of diseases of the urinary system is urology; the word part you chose is a combining form.

Urologists, sometimes referred to as urological surgeons, handle issues with the male and female genitourinary tracts. They identify and manage diseases of the prostate, bladder, kidneys, ureters, and male reproductive systems. Urinary tract infections, kidney stones, issues with bladder control, and prostate issues are just a few examples of urologic disorders or ailments.

Urinary tract malignancies, incontinence (inability to control urine flow), interstitial cystitis, kidney stones, renal failure, and urinary tract infections are a few examples of urinary diseases.

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C. secretion, absorption, simple epithelium, and columnar cells

The characteristic of the tissue which they have are secretion, absorption, simple epithelium, and columnar cells.

Secretion- The procedure of separating, developing, and releasing some substance that is either separated for excretion or has been functionally specialized (like saliva) (such as urine).

Absorption- The procedure through which nutrients are transferred into the blood from the digestive system for usage by the body.

Simple epithelium- A simple cellular layer makes up a simple epithelium. It serves as a lining for tubes, cavities in the body, and ducts. There are three forms of simple epithelium.

Columnar cells- The long, thin cells of columnar epithelial tissues resemble columns. These are typically seen in mucus-secreting areas, such the stomach. Additionally, they may be trained to pick up sensory data from the nose and taste receptors on our tongue.

The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question

Q. A tissue has these characteristics: apical surface, single layer of tall narrow cells, brush border, goblet cells. What descriptors illustrate what this tissue should be capable of doing or being?

1. secretion

2. absorption

3. simple epithelium

4. stratified epithelium

5. squamous cells

6. columnar cells

7. cuboidal cells

8. movement

A.1, 3, 6, 8

B.2, 3, 5, 8

C.1, 2, 3, 6

D.2, 4, 7, 8

E.1, 2, 4, 7, 8

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