Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of DNA in a laboratory setting to create new genetic combinations that are not found in nature.
Recombinant DNA technology can be used to insert a gene of interest into a bacterium in several ways, including the following steps:
Isolation of the gene of interest: The first step is to obtain the DNA sequence of the gene of interest. This can be done through PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or by cloning the gene from its natural source.Cloning the gene into a plasmid vector: The gene of interest is then inserted into a plasmid, a small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterium's chromosome. The plasmid is used as a vector to carry the gene of interest into the bacterium.Transformation of bacteria with the plasmid: The bacterium is then subjected to a process called transformation, where it takes up the plasmid and incorporates the gene of interest into its genome.Selection and identification of recombinant bacteria: Recombinant bacteria can be identified using a selective growth medium that only allows the growth of bacteria that have taken up the plasmid. A common approach is to use antibiotics, where only bacteria that have the plasmid and gene of interest will be resistant to the antibiotic.Expression of the gene of interest: To ensure the expression of the gene of interest, the plasmid should contain a promoter that is recognized by the bacterium and drives the expression of the gene. The promoter can be either a constitutive promoter, which drives the expression of the gene continuously or an inducible promoter, which can be turned on or off depending on specific conditions.In this way, recombinant DNA technology can be used to insert a gene of interest into a bacterium, identify recombinant bacteria, and ensure the expression of the gene of interest.
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which development gene is responsible for determining the body axes?
An extremely evolutionary conserved gene family is the hox genes. In bilateral organisms, they set the anterior-posterior body axis and control how cells develop.
Hox gene expression is typically absent from embryonic stem cells, but these transcription factors are active in different spatial and temporal patterns that determine how different body regions develop. Among other things, Hox genes in the adult body are in charge of directing the differentiation of tissue stem cells into their appropriate lineages so that tissues and organs can be repaired and kept functioning properly. They have been proposed to be employable for enhancing stem cell differentiations in vitro and in vivo because of their involvement in the embryonic and adult body. Hox genes have been implicated in numerous studies as driving forces in stem cell differentiation towards adipogenesis, in lineages responsible for the synthesis of bones and joints, primarily chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and in lineages associated with the cardiovascular system.
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when you eat french fries, your digestive system breaks down the biomolecules indicated here by the lugol's solution. what are the subunits that starch gets broken down into?
Maltase gluco amylase (MGAM) and sucrase isomaltase, two mucosal glucosidases, hydrolyze tiny linear and branching malto-oligosaccharides into glucose during the digestion of starch.
Animals, including humans, utilize starch, a primary carbohydrate storage component from plant seeds and tubers, as a significant source of nutritional energy in the form of glucose. As much as 70–80% of the calories in a person's diet might come from starch. In the digestive system, the hydrolysis of starch into glucose involves a multi-enzyme process. First, linear malto-oligosaccharides, mostly composed of maltose and maltotriose, and 1,6-branched oligosaccharides (-limit dextrins), which cannot be further hydrolyzed by the amylases, are produced by salivary and pancreatic amylases. There are around three times as many linear malto-oligosaccharides in waxy starches without amylose as there are branching malto-oligosaccharides in the -amylolyzed derivatives.
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explain the negative feedback hormonal systems that allow some people to maintain a steady body weight.
Negative feedback is a mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers responses that counteract or dampen the initial change. In the case of body weight regulation, negative feedback is utilized by several hormonal systems to maintain a stable body weight.
Several hormonal systems include:
1. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that signal the brain when energy stores are adequate, reducing hunger and increasing energy expenditure.
2. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that signals hunger to the brain. It increases when energy stores are low and decreases when energy stores are adequate.
3. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. When blood sugar is high, insulin signals the cells to take up glucose, reducing hunger and increasing energy expenditure.
4. Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism and energy expenditure of the body. When energy stores are low, the thyroid gland increases the production of thyroid hormones, which increases metabolism and energy expenditure.
These hormonal systems work together to maintain a stable body weight by regulating hunger and energy expenditure. When energy stores are low, hunger is increased and energy expenditure is decreased, and vice versa. This allows some people to maintain a steady body weight by balancing energy intake and expenditure.
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Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?
The cell theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells.
All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest unit capable of independent existence. Cells also make up body tissues. They can replicate themselves and comprise body's genetic material.
A biological theory known as "cell theory" incorporates one or both of the following claims: (1) the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter; and (2) an organism is made up of autonomous cells, the qualities of which are the total of all the cells inside it.
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a pneumatophore is a specialized type of which plant part?
A pneumatophore is a specialized type of root found in mangrove plants.
Pneumatophores are upright, spongy roots that rise above the water's surface and allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide for the roots' benefit.
Pneumatophores, which are specialized root structures (above-ground spongy outgrowths of roots) that grow out from the water surface when there is insufficient oxygen present for the roots to breathe normally, are produced by a plant growing in water.
The aeration required for root respiration is made easier by the presence of a large number of breathing pores for the exchange of gases.
Many mangrove species, including Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Ludwigia repens, exhibit some of these characteristics.
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the basement membrane of the epithelial lining of capillaries in the kidney can thicken over time in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus. what could be a consequence of this thickening?
Substances would have a difficult time traveling between the capillaries and the functional structures of the kidney, leading to a failure of the kidney to function.
Diabetes, often known as diabetes mellitus, is a set of common endocrine illnesses defined by high blood sugar levels that persist. Diabetes is caused by either a deficiency of insulin-secreting beta-cells in the pancreas as a result of an autoimmune reaction (type 1) or an imbalance between blood sugar levels and insulin production (type 2), and can be triggered by pregnancy (gestational diabetes).
Diabetes symptoms vary and, if left untreated, can lead to a variety of acute and chronic problems. Diabetes, whether untreated or inadequately controlled, kills around 1.5 million people each year.
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Change the skater’s mass to the largest setting. What do you notice about the speedometer and the energy bar graph?
It is important to note that raising the skater's mass increases the skater's kinetic, potential, and total energy. If all other elements are maintained constant and the skater's mass is raised, the skater's acceleration will decrease.
What is the relationship between mass and speed?The relationship between mass and speed is described by Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
In other words, the greater the mass of an object, the more force is required to change its speed. However, the speed of an object depends on the net force acting on it and its mass, which means that the relationship between mass and speed is not direct.
Instead, it is the acceleration that changes with the mass of the object and the force applied to it.
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What has metagenomic analysis allowed researchers to do for the first time? a. sample organisms from an environment and grow them under defined conditions in the lab b. isolate organisms from an environment and sequence their entire genome c. study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab) d. identify important morphological differences among species
In metagenomic analysis Researchers c. study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab) .
In general , the Metagenomics analysis is the process of studying the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences of an environmental samples that are isolated and analyzed for all the organisms present in that environment in a bulk sample. Metagenomics are often used to study a definite community of microorganisms, such as those residing on human skin, in various environmental condition in the soil or in a water sample.
Hence ,Metagenomics helps researchers to get information about the functional and metabolic diversity of microbial communities.
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Which is thought to be the first macromolecule found in protocells?A.DNAB.RNAC.ProteinsD.Carbohydrates
It is believed that RNA was the first macromolecule discovered in protocells.
Where can you find macromolecules in a cell?A class of macromolecules known as carbohydrates serve as a crucial source of energy for cells, support many species' structural integrity, and can be located on the surface of cells as receptors or for cell recognition.
Which macromolecule appeared first on Earth?About 4 billion years ago, the first organic compounds started to form. This might have occurred when chemical processes in the early atmosphere of Earth were triggered by lightning. It's possible that RNA formed first among organic molecules and served as the building block for early life.
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identify the two terms that describe a point where two bones meet.
The two terms that describe a point where two bones meet are joint and articulation.
A joint, also known as an articulation, is the location where two or more bones meet. Movement, like that of the limbs, and stability, like that of the skull's bones, are both made possible by joints. Fibrous connective tissue holds the bones of fibrous joints together. Since there is no cavity or space between the bones, the majority of fibrous joints remain immobile or have limited range of motion. The three different forms of fibrous joints are syndesmoses, gomphoses, and sutures. Only the skull contains sutures, which are tiny connective tissue fibers that securely hold the skull's bones together.
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Which of these features is found only in arteries?
Elastic membranes are only found in arteries.
What is the function of elastic membranes in arteries?Elastin and fibrillin-containing microfibrils, the major components of elastic fibers, serve a structural and mechanical role in the arteries, and their essential purpose is to provide elasticity and robustness to the tissues. Elastin, on the other hand, acts as an autocrine factor by controlling the quiescent contractile phenotype of arterial smooth muscle cells, and fibrillin regulates the activation and availability of TGF-β via the binding of 'latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β binding protein (LTBP) - latency-associated peptide (LAP) - TGF-' β complexes.
Elastic fibers, which are made up of elastin and microfibrillar glycoproteins, are found in tissues that require elasticity and recoil; they are found in blood vessels, heart valves, lungs, skin, intervertebral discs, and ear elastic cartilage.
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the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by?
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by molecules moving freely past one another.
The fluid mosaic hypothesis explains a number of findings on how functional cell membranes are built. This biological model proposes that protein molecules are encapsulated within a lipid bilayer, a two-molecule thick layer predominantly made up of amphipathic phospholipids. The membrane is flexible and fluid thanks to the phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane contains very small amounts of carbohydrates as well. The biological model, developed in 1972 by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson, defines the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that prevents the lateral diffusion of membrane components. Such domains are defined by the existence of regions within the membrane with special lipid and protein cocoon that promote the formation of lipid rafts or protein and glycoprotein complexes. Another way to define membrane domains is the association of the lipid membrane with the cytoskeleton filaments and the extracellular matrix through membrane proteins. The current model describes important features relevant to many cellular processes, including: cell-cell signaling, apoptosis, cell division, membrane budding, and cell fusion. The fluid mosaic model is the most acceptable model of the plasma membrane. Its main function is to separate the contents of the cell from the exterior.
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The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.
A) attachment to the cell wall in animal cells
B) the presence of the cell's genetic information
C) a bilayer composed of carbohydrate
D) molecules moving freely past one another
Can any enzyme break down any substrate?
Answer:
No
Explanation:
An enzyme can only break down a subsrate if it fits the substarte in a pheonoame known as the enzyme-substrate complex.
all of the following statements about carbohydrates are true except: group of answer choices they provide more calories than protein. they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are a major source of energy in the body. they are categorized into simple and complex carbohydrates. they help regulate bowel function.
The correct option D. they provide more calories than protein.
Carbohydrates can be found in a variety of meals, including bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, maize, and cherry pie. They also come in a range of shapes and sizes. Sugars, fibers, and starches are the most prevalent and plentiful types.
What effect do carbs have on your body?Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for the body. Sugars and starches are broken down into simple sugars during digestion. They are subsequently taken into the bloodstream and are referred to as blood sugar (blood glucose). Glucose then enters the cells of the body with the aid of insulin.
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Full Question: All of the following statements about carbohydrates are true EXCEPT:
A. they are categorized into simple and complex carbohydrates.
B. they help regulate bowel function.
C. they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
D. they provide more calories than protein.
E. they are a major source of energy in the body
which change does not occur as a result of cortisol and epinephrine being released in response to stress? group of answer choices perspiration increases. hearing and vision become more acute. the liver releases sugar into the blood. the pancreas increases secretion of insulin.
The one that has not occurred as a result of cortisol and epinephrine being released in response to stress is the pancreas increases the secretion of insulin. option (3)
What are cortisol and epinephrine?
Cortisol is stress and steroid hormone that is released when there is stress in the body. This increase the sugar level in the body and the excess sugar helps in repairing tissues.
Epinephrine is also called adrenaline. It is a medicational hormone. This is released when there is an emergency in the body. When there are sudden changes such as being bitten by a dog, or sting, medication, etc.
The charges with them include increased heartbeat, and increase sugar levels, and we become more accurate.
Thus, the correct option is C, The pancreas increases the secretion of insulin.
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provide an acid or basic environment to optimize digestion called?
Chemical environment. With a pH far lower than that of any other component of our digestive system, the stomach serves as a storage area for powerful acids.
The enzymes that help break down proteins into smaller protein fragments, which is the first step in the digestion of our food, are perfectly activated in this environment. Your GI tract's bacteria, often known as your gut flora or microbiome, aid in digesting. Your circulatory and neurological systems, in particular, contribute. Together, your nervous system, hormones, germs, blood, and the digestive system's organs break down the food and liquid you consume every day.
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which is the most abundant plasma protein? changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, and changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
What is the function of Albumin?It keeps blood in arteries and veins and transports hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout the body. Albumin is produced in the liver and rapidly transported to circulation.
Low blood albumin levels can signal significant liver and renal issues. Hyperalbuminemia, or high amounts, might indicate dehydration, diarrhea, or other problems. Albumin levels are frequently measured by healthcare providers while diagnosing or treating illnesses.
It also describes the disorders that can be diagnosed when albumin levels are over normal. Albumin levels should be between 3.4 and 5.4 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or 34 and 54 grams per liter (g/L). There may be minor differences in the normal albumin level range depending on the testing institution and the samples or measurements used.
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beta-sheet protein structures can be stabilized by hydrogen bonding between distant residues on the same polypeptide.True or False
beta-sheet protein structures can be stabilized by hydrogen bonding between distant residues on the same polypeptide is true.
By forming hydrogen bonds between distant residues on the same polypeptide, beta-sheet proteins are stabilized. A parallel or antiparallel arrangement of beta-strands is produced by these hydrogen bonds, which happen to form between the CO and NH groups of peptide bonds. The stability of the beta-sheet structure is significantly influenced by the strength of these hydrogen bonds. Protein function depends on appropriate folding, which is encouraged by hydrogen bonding in beta-sheet proteins. This helps the proteins resist denaturation.The protein also form alpha helices in addition to beta sheets. The beta sheet normally are of antiparallel and parallel type.
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Place the events in the correct sequence to show the steps in the flowering plant life cycle, beginning with the Mature, flowering sporophyte. Mature, flowering sporophyto Fertilization 5Pollen tube grows through style to ovary Seed and fruit development Pollination Growth of new sporophyte Seed germination Embryo and endosperm development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The flowering plant life cycle is a complex process that starts with the mature, flowering sporophyte.
The first step in flowering this process is pollination, where the pollen from the male parts of the plant is transferred to the female sporophyte parts of the plant. This is followed by fertilization, where the sperm from the pollen fertilizes the egg in the ovary. The flowering fertilized egg develops into an embryo, and this is followed by the development of the endosperm, which provides nutrients to the developing embryo. The flowering next step is the growth of the pollen sporophyte tube through the style to the ovary, which is necessary for the transfer of the sperm to the egg. After fertilization, the seed and fruit development begins. The seed contains the new sporophyte, which will grow into a mature plant, and eventually a new flowering sporophyte will be produced. The final step in the life cycle is the germination of the seed, which is the beginning of a new cycle of growth, development, and reproduction. This cycle of events is essential for the survival and continued evolution of flowering plants.
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Refer the below image for reference
what type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons that travel around both nuclei?
Covalent bond involves two atoms sharing electrons that travel around both nuclei.
What is a covalent bond?In chemistry, a covalent bond is an interatomic coupling formed by the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. The electrical attraction of their nuclei for the identical electrons causes the binding. When the linked atoms have lower total energy than widely separated atoms, a covalent bond occurs.
Covalently linked molecules include the inorganic elements hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, water, and ammonia (H2, N2, Cl2, H2O, NH3), as well as all organic compounds. Covalent bonds are represented in structural representations of molecules by solid lines connecting pairs of atoms.
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scientists have found that polypeptides which are normally synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum are about 20 amino acids longer when they are synthesized by ribosomes not attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. what is a possible explanation for the greater length of these polypeptides? group of answer choices ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum require fewer amino acids to function. the 20-amino-acid sequence helps the endoplasmic reticulum package these proteins for shipping to the golgi. the 20 amino acids serve as a signal (peptide) sequence that directs the forming polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are cleaved off during processing. the protein has a different function in the cytosol than in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The 20 amino acids serve as a signal (peptide) sequence that directs the forming of polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are cleaved off during processing.
What are amino acids?
The building components of proteins are amino acids. They are tiny chemical molecules with both a carboxyl group and an amino group (-NH2) in them (-COOH). A large range of distinct proteins can be created by combining any of the 20 different types of amino acids, each of which has special qualities of its own. These proteins are in charge of the body's many various processes, including structural ones.
The building blocks of proteins and amino acids are essential for the development of various protein structures. Tyrosine and tryptophan are examples of amino acids that play a part in the synthesis of hormones including melatonin, adrenaline, and dopamine. Alanine and Serine are essential for the movement and storage of nutrients in the body.
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bermudagrass has rolled vernation, and zoysiagrass has folded vernation. True or False
The assertion is accurate; bermudagrass has roll vernation while zoysiagrass has folding vernation.
What drawbacks can zoysia grass have?Heavy traffic won't be tolerated by zoysia throughout these periods of dormancy. The extraordinarily low shade tolerance somewhere in is another drawback. A different variety of grass seed or shady beds under trees would be needed in yards with the both sun and shadow sections.
What kind of temperature is ideal for zoysia grass?The ideal soil temperatures for zoysia grass germination is between 65°F and 70°F. In general, this equates to midday air temperatures of at least 80°F. Once grass and weeds enter an active growth stage in the springtime, control any already-emerging weeds and nourish Zoysia lawn with Dupont
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When the nerve impulse reaches the terminal button, it triggers the release of___________.
The Synapse. When a nerve impulse reaches the terminal button, it causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse.
The neurotransmitters, like a lock and key, fit into receptors on the receiving dendrites. The Axon terminal is terminated by a synaptic knob. When an impulse reaches an axon terminal, it causes synaptic vesicles to migrate towards the membrane, where they fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
At a neuromuscular junction, for example, the axon terminal releases neurotransmitters to transport nerve impulses from the neuron to the target cell, which might be another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell. Acetylcholine, for example, is a neurotransmitter that a neuron releases to activate a muscle.
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A certain species of tree survives many years of drought in an area. Only trees with the longest root systems survive. The trees with shorter root system die
out due to the lack of water. The survival of the trees with long root systems is an example of which of the following?
O extinction
O geographic isolation
O beneficial mutation
10- ▸
O natural selection
The survival of the trees with long root systems is an example of natural selection.
The last option is correct.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is described as the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
An example of natural selection is shown in: A certain species of tree survives many years of drought in an area. Only trees with the longest root systems survive. The trees with shorter root system die out due to the lack of water.
Natural selection is also a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.
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Of all the green algae, which are most closely related to land plants?A) Brown algaeB) Red algeaC) Green algeaD) Blue-green algae
Green algae are most closely related to land plants.
Green algae, and more particularly, a subclass of green algae known as charophytes, are thought to be most closely linked to terrestrial plants. In addition to the fact that chlorophyll a and b are produced by both terrestrial plants and green algae, there may also be a connection, according to other data. For instance, cellulose is a component of the cell walls of both green algae and terrestrial plants. Land plants, as well as some types of green algae, are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs.
A monophyletic lineage (the chlorophytes) made up of land plants and green algae includes protists as well as higher species. The identity of the green algal (i.e., flagellate) ancestor of land plants is a significant problem surrounding the evolution of this green lineage that is still up for debate.
But the green lineage is just one of the photosynthetic groups that have colonized our planet effectively.
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Among the many threats to water quality posed by human activities is the burning of fossil fuels, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere. The resulting increase in atmospheric CO2 has caused global warming and other climate change-related issues like ocean acidification.
Why is this study about corals' response to warmer water important?
This research confirms that delicate species, like marine coral, may adapt to a changing environment over a shorter time period than is necessary for evolutionary process.
Which four forms of fossil fuels are all there?Non-Renewable Resources Nuclear power, natural gas, coal, & oil are examples of nonrenewable sources of energy. The difficulty for humankind is that once these resources become depleted, they cannot be restored because we now rely on them to fulfill most of our energy demands.
What makes it a fossil gas?How Do Fossil Fuels Operate? Because they were created from the petrified, buried remnants of creatures and plants that once existed many millions of years ago, coal, crude oil, and oil and gas are all referred to as fossil fuels.
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describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations.
In plasma, there are 8% to 9% solids and 91% to 92% of water. It primarily consists of: Blood clotting is aided by coagulants, particularly fibrinogen. Albumin and globulin are two plasma proteins.
What components make up plasma?Plasma, an aqueous blood component that contains proteins and salt, suspends red, white, and platelet-containing blood cells. It accounts for around 55% of the total blood volume. Plasma contains a number of important proteins, including albumin, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic proteins, immunoglobulin, and others.
What are the six parts that make up plasma?Plasma also has vital components, such as water, salt, and enzymes. These contain clotting elements, albumin, and fibrinogen, as well as antibodies.
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you measure levels of ca2+ in various locations within a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber when the motor neuronis notdepolarized, and the muscle fiber is at rest. where do you expect to find high levels of ca2+? in the cytosol of the motor neuron terminus within the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fiber in vesicles within the motor neuron in the synaptic cleft
You would expect to find high levels of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibre.
Why does sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+?The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialised organelle found in muscle cells. It stores and releases calcium ions (Ca2+) to regulate muscle contraction. When the muscle is at rest, the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores large amounts of Ca2+, preventing contraction. When muscle contraction is triggered, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ into the cytosol, which triggers the muscle contraction. Thus, when the muscle is at rest, the sarcoplasmic reticulum will have high levels of Ca2+.
The motor neurone is not depolarised so there will be no Ca2+ released from the terminal. The Ca2+ in the cytosol of the motor neurone will remain low, and there will be no Ca2+ in the synaptic cleft.
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human cells normally have 46 chromosomes. let us define the transition from one cell to two cells as meiosis i proceeds. what is the number of nuclear dna molecules present in the human cells formed at the completion of meiosis i?
After the completion of meiosis-I there are 2 DNA molecules present in the human cells.
How many DNA molecules are present in nucleus of human cells after meiosis-I?There are generally 46 chromosomes in each human cell. Now there are 4 sub-phases under meiosis-I i.e. prophase-I, metaphase-I, anaphase-I and telophase-I. During prophase-I and metaphase-I there is the formation of tetrad in a chromosome which means that there are 4 chromatids or 4 DNA molecules. But during metaphase-II which is a sub-phase of meiosis-II the number of chromatids is reduced into 2 which means that there are only 2 DNA molecules now.
So, there are only 2 nuclear DNA molecules after the completion of meiosis-I.
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what happens to the paired chromosomes during anaphase?
During anaphase, the paired chromosomes separate and begin to move to contrary ends of the cell. This is done because in the coming stage of mitosis, the cell will divide itself in two and each son cell must have one complete set of chromosomes.
This process is carried out by motor proteins that attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes and pull them piecemeal. Once the chromosomes have reached contrary poles of the cell, the cell will divide and two son cells are formed, each with its own complete set of chromosomes.
The chromosomes will also crook and come visible again and the cell cycle will start again.
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