Because of the high temperature DNA melting step during a PCR reaction, the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used.
DNA melting is the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds present between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA, in order to separate the strands. In PCR, this step requires a temperature of around 72⁰C. This process can also be called the DNA denaturation.
PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is the process of making millions of copies of a DNA in short period of time. This can take in following steps: (1) DNA melting, where the two strands of DNA are separated, (2) Primer annealing, where the primers bond to the exposed DNA strands, and (3) extension, where the further dNTPs attach to the strands to make copies of the DNA.
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by _______ of the postsynaptic membrane.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
What is hyperpolarization?A cell's membrane potential might become more negatively charged during hyperpolarization. Depolarization is the opposite of this. The stimulus needed to raise the membrane potential to the action potential threshold is increased, which suppresses action potentials.
In neurons, the cell experiences hyperpolarization right after an action potential is generated. The neuron enters a refractory phase while hyperpolarized, lasting around 2 milliseconds, during which the neuron is unable to produce further action potentials. K+ and Na+ ions are redistributed by sodium-potassium ATPases until the membrane potential returns to its resting potential, which is somewhere about -70 millivolts, at which time the neuron is once more prepared to transmit another action potential.
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Which term refers to the protective film found on skin that is involved in bacterial protection?
Answer:
The protective film found on skin that is involved in bacterial protection is Acid mantle.
Explanation:
The acid mantle is an extremely thin, mildly acidic layer that covers the top of human skin that serves as a defence against bacteria, pathogens, and other pollutants that would otherwise permeate the skin. Here the sebaceous gland secretes sebum, which when combined with sweat creates the acid mantle layer. The healthy epidermis does have a neutral pH of roughly 7.0, in contrast to the acid layer upon that skin's surface. The standard idea exists that the pH of the skin's surface ranges from 5.0 to 6.0. The acid layer" s pH on the skin can vary widely depending on the state of the skin, with some estimates placing the range around 4.5 to 6.5 as somewhat acidic.
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What has been suggested as a means for hydrothermal vent organisms to disperse over great distances between vent systems?
Whale falls have been suggested as a means for hydrothermal vent organisms to disperse over great distances between vent systems.
A whale fall is the name given to a dead whale whose carcass has sunk deep into the ocean. This carcass becomes a source of various nutrients for the deep-water creatures.
Initially, scavengers break-down the soft tissues over the first few months. Meanwhile, several opportunists colonize the bones and surrounding sediments. These organic materials enrich the sediments nearby for almost a year.
The skeleton of the whale is rich in lipids. This provides the means for the development of chemo-synthesis-based communities like hydrothermal vent organisms. It also provides a substrate for invertebrate colonization.
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If one strand of a dna double helix has the sequence agtactg, what will be the sequence of the other strand?
a. gacgtca
b. agtactg
c. gtcatga
d. tcatgac
If one strand of a dna double helix has the sequence agtactg, the sequence of the other strand will be- (d) tcatgac
The DNA is made up of two types of nitrogenous bases purines which includes adenine and guanine & pyrimidines which includes cytosine and thymine.
The adenine is complementary to thymine and forms two H-bonds at the backbone of the DNA while guanine is complementary to cytosine and forms three H-bonds to form the DNA backbone.
The two strands of the dna are bind together by the complementary base pairing of the purines with the pyrimidine. Hence if a sequence of one dna is given its complementary sequence can be found out using complementary base pairing rule.
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The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
The plasma membrane is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
The cell membrane or plasma membrane can be described as a selectively permeable membrane that allows the selective entry of materials into and out of a cell. All the organelles of a cell are enclosed in the plasma membrane and hence it separates the interior of a cell from the exterior.
For single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, nutrients are received by the cell through the plasma membrane and excretion of waste also occurs through the plasma membrane. The bacterial cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and usually, it encloses a food particle in it for absorption of food.
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The structures in the epigastric region share a common nerve supply. can you name the specific cranial nerve that serves this region and the part of the nervous system to which it belongs?
The epigastric region is served by the vagus nerve and can be found in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
The vagus nerve connects the neck, chest, heart, lung, and belly. It is the longest cranial nerve and runs from the brain to the large intestine. It is also known as cranial nerve X. The cranial nerves are categorized using Roman numerals based on where they are located. It affects the autonomic nervous system, which controls processes like breathing and digestion that happen automatically. It can also act as a bridge between the gut and the brain, contributing to the gut-brain axis, as described by experts. Digestion, heart rate, respiration, heart rate, as well as reflex actions including coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting are some of the functions of the vagus nerve. The major nerve pertaining to the parasympathetic nerve system, often called the vagal nerve, controls all reflex activities.
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In order for induction to occur, what must happen to a neutral object?
It must be magnetized
It must come close to a charged object
It must be rubbed against a hard object
It must be charged by a rubber rod
Answer:
i think its B
Explanation:
5. Why are SI units used so often in science?
a.
Factors of 10 are easier work with mathematically.
b. SI units are bigger than English System units.
Factors of 3, 12, and 5,280 are easier to remember.
d. SI units are more accurate than English System units.
C.
The conversion foot
6
The SI units are preferred because factors of 10 are easier to work with mathematically.
What is the SI unit?We know that there are units that are common to many countries such as the English units and the American units. Now we know that the plentitude of units makes it confusing to use and hence there is a lack of consistence in the reportage of scientific data.
Hence, we know that it is common for many scientists to report research in the SI unit for the scientific community. Hence the SI units are so common in science because factors of 10 are easier to work with mathematically.
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After three months of training, during which he was able to lift increasingly heavier weights, abe’s arm and chest muscles became much larger. What happened to the fibers in these muscles?.
After three months of training, Abe's arms and chest muscles grew significantly as a result of muscle hypertrophy, which is a process that is stimulated by lifting heavier weights and results in an increase in the size of the muscles.
The term "muscular hypertrophy" refers to an increase in muscle mass. Usually, this results in an increase in strength and mass of muscles. Muscle hypertrophy is often the outcome of strength training, which is why weight lifting is frequently related.
Abe has been training for three months and has been able to lift increasingly greater weights to enhance his muscular mass through sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar hypertrophy.
During weightlifting, his muscles work against resistance that grows stronger over time. This strains the muscles and damages the fibers, which the body repairs.
When muscles are continually stressed in this way, they adapt by growing in size and strength. As a result, Abe was able to improve muscle growth by focusing on strength training.
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_____ cells are large, granular lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact.
Natural killer cells are large, granular lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact.
What are lymphocytes?Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system.
Lymphocytes include the following cells;
B cellsT cellsnatural killer cellsNatural killer cells are large granular lymphocyte-like cells with important functions in innate immunity. They lack antigen-specific receptors but can detect and attack certain virus-infected cells via cell to cell contact.
Therefore, natural killer cells are large, granular lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact.
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Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the of substances into and out of cells.
According to the research, the correct option is transport. Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the transport of substances into and out of cells.
What is cellular transport?They are mechanisms that allow substances to cross membranes and move molecules between the inside and outside of cells are essential for life.
In this sense, given that the cell constitutes the smallest and simplest form of biological organization, these functions of the plasmatic membrane are of great importance for the cell, if the cells were incapable of carrying out said transport, the organism would not carry out its vital activities .
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is transport. Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the transport of substances into and out of cells.
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If you wanted to see a section through both lungs at the same time, you could make a cut in the __________ of the __________ plane.
The correct answer for this question is coronal, and transverse sections.
To visualize both lungs, the heart, the spinal cord, and the ribs, a cut must be made through the transverse (horizontal) plane. This plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Cutting between vertebral levels T5 and T8 will ensure all of these structures are in the anatomical section
The lungs are two spongy, air-filled organs that are positioned on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) transports inhaled air to the lungs via tubular branches known as bronchi. The bronchi divide further into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), eventually becoming tiny.
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A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from ______ of foods to support metabolic functions.
A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a variety of foods to support metabolic functions.
What is metabolic function ?Your body uses a process known as metabolism to turn food and liquids into energy. This complex process, which includes calorie-dense foods and beverages, allows your body to release the energy it needs to function.
What are the metabolic processes?Some of these are catabolic routes, such as amino acid catabolism -oxidation (the breakdown of fatty acids), and glycolysis (the breaking of glucose). Others are anabolic processes, such as those involved in triglyceride synthesis and energy storage (such as glycogenosis) (lipogenesis).
Metabolic processes include the chemical reactions that keep you alive. One example of metabolism is the rate at which you burn fat and consume calories. the constant anabolic and catabolic chemical and physical processes that occur in living things and their cells.
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Which factor is not an environmental cost of clearing tropical forests? group of answer choices
The factor which is not an environmental cost of clearing tropical forests is (a) increased biodiversity.
Tropical forests are the wet places that receive high rainfall. Their temperatures ranges from 21°C-35°C. They are found at the areas lying between the Tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn. However, the quality of the soil of tropical forests is low.
Biodiversity is the variety of life forms present in an area. These life forms range from the smallest microbes to the largest plant and animal species. There are three types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Rich biodiversity is important to keep a region functional
The question in incomplete. The complete question is:
Which factor is not an environmental cost of clearing tropical forests?
a. increased biodiversity
b. increased soil erosion
c. increased air pollution
d. increased flooding
e. accelerating global warming
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A substance used in preparing histological sections that binds to tissue components, tinting them and making them easier to discern with microscopic examination is a(n):_________
A substance used in preparing histological sections that bind to tissue components, tinting them and making them easier to discern with microscopic examination is a stain.
What is Tissue?Tissue may be defined as a cluster of cells that have an identical structure and that function together as a unit. It occupies the second level after the cell in a hierarchy of development of an organism.
Stains basically used a type of substance the significantly associated with tissues in order to make observation easier to reveal during practical microscopic experimentation.
Therefore, the stain is a substance that discerns with microscopic examination.
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Patient r.m., who had suffered lesions of both the left and right parietal lobes, was able to?
Two functional zones can be distinguished in the parietal lobes. One deals with feeling and perception, and the other, mostly with the visual system, is about integrating sensory input.
Describe Parietal lobes.The first process combines sensory data to create a single perception (cognition). The second function creates a spatial coordinate system to symbolize the environment we live in. People who suffer from parietal lobe loss frequently display startling deficiencies, including as anomalies in body image and spatial interactions. Patient who had suffered lesions of both the left and right parietal lobes, was able to Enhance conjunction targets detection but not feature targets, Illusory conjunctions despite having ample time to observe the stimuli and Despite being able to read single words, he had difficulty localizing them.Learn more about the Parietal lobe with the help of the given link:
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Prompt
Use the model here to describe the transfer of matter and flow of energy from one trophic level to another within an ecosystem. All of
the following must be addressed in your response to receive full credit:
a
Discuss the transfer of biomass when one organism eats another. Use your knowledge of digestion to discuss how food is broken
down and used by the consumer.
b. Explain what happens to the energy that is not transferred from one organism to another.
c. Explain why there are typically fewer organisms at of the top of an energy pyramid.
d. Use specific numbers and calculations to support your explanation.
<< Read Less
The energy contained within the trophic levels of an environment is represented graphically by an energy pyramid, sometimes referred to as a trophic or biological pyramid.
The producers are located at the base of the pyramid, which is also its largest level. This level also contains the most energy. An ecological pyramid, a food web, or a level in a food chain are all examples of trophic levels. It is inhabited by a collection of creatures with comparable eating strategies. Energies are lost as metabolic heat when an organism from one trophic level is consumed by an organism from the next level, which causes energy to diminish as it goes up the trophic levels. The efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is measured by a term called trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE).
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List and briefly describe the three processes that lead to variation in offspring with the same parents.
The answer to the question is-
a. Non-sister homologous chromosomal crossover happens in prophase I. New gene combinations are created as a result of DNA segment exchanges between maternally derived and paternally derived chromosomes.
b. Gametes with a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes are produced as a result of random alignment during metaphase I.
c. Fertilization is unpredictable since any two gametes can mate.
What are gametes?In sexually reproducing species, the haploid cell known as a gamete is fused with another haploid cell during fertilization. The reproductive or sex cells of an organism are known as gametes. A female is any individual that generates the larger kind of gamete, known as an ovum, and a male is any individual that produces the smaller type, known as a sperm, in species where each individual produces just one type of gamete.
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If one or more nucleotide pairs are deleted from a dna strand, this is known as a :________
a. frameshift mutation
b. point mutation
c. missense mutation
d. silent mutation
Answer:
If one or more nucleotide pairs are deleted from a DNA strand, this is known as a :frameshift mutation
Explanation:
Due to deletion changes occur in the sequence of DNA when at least one nucleotide is removed in a gene.
The point mutation is just a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from either the DNA or RNA code of an organism is modified, added, or removed.
A missense is just a type of point mutation in biology that causes a codon to encode for a various amino acid as a consequence of a single nucleotide modification. Sickle cell disease or anaemia is an good example of this kind of mutation.
Silent mutations are the kind of mutations in which DNA can not affect the phenotype of an organism. They represent a particular kind of neutral mutation.
So, the correct option is frameshift mutation (A).
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mutation and recombination are the only processes that can increase genetic variation because they are also the only processes that:
Mutation and recombination are the only processes that can increase genetic variation because they are also the only processes that: can produce new alleles.
Recombination is the process or rearrangement of the genes due to crossing over. Crossing over is an event that only occurs during meiosis. This process is essential to produce genetic variations and diversity. In meiosis, this recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes.
Alleles are the alternative forms of a gene. Usually there is only one alternative form but multiple allelic conditions are also possible. The allelic forms occupy similar locus on the two sister-chromatids of the chromosomes.
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Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called:________
Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called signal transduction.
What is a Cell?A cell may be defined as the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells that perform special metabolic functions which are necessary for the survival of living entities.
Signal transduction is the process through which the binding of the extracellular messenger is accomplished to the receptor present on the cell surface. It stimulated physiological as well as chemical changes in living organisms.
Therefore, signal transduction is a process that involves relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell.
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The discovery of ribozymes provide evidence that life on the early earth may have been based on:________
The discovery of ribozymes provide evidence that life on the early earth may have been based on RNA.
Ribozymes are the RNA molecules with the capability of performing catalysis. They are, therefore, also called catalytic RNA. Ribozymes are present in ribosomes where the catalyze the joining of amino acids to form polypeptides.
RNA is the transcript of DNA. These are usually single-stranded structures. There are majorly three types of RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA. The difference from DNA is that in RNA, ribose sugar is present instead of deoxyribose and it consists of uracil as the nucleotide. Translation of m-RMA forms the protein.
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During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl coa molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of:_______
During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl co A molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of oxaloacetic acid.
The primary energy source for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, sometimes called the Krebs or citric acid cycle. This cycle converts the chemical energy of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which is further oxidized and enters the TCA cycle as acetyl-CoA. The intermediate half of the cycle also serves as the starting point for pathways leading to important molecules such as fatty acids, amino acids, and porphyrins. If any of these intermediates are diverted in this way, the integrity of the cycle is compromised and the cycle ceases to function. Only when the diverted intermediate, or the subsequent intermediate leading to oxaloacetate, is replaced by a replenishment (replenishment) process can significant energy production resume.The correct answer is oxaloacetic acid.
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Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are:_________
Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are: seeking to explain why specific biological variations occur
What are biological variations?
Biological variety is important to all our lives. Our world is home to a wide variety of life forms thanks to diversity. For each species to survive and find a niche in which to flourish, diversity is crucial. Without delving into the idea of evolution, diversity within our own species is evident in a number of observable traits, like height, and functional traits, such as the capacity for biotransformation. The pharmacogenomics discipline is emerging as a result of the latter source of variability. Unfortunately, biological diversity makes it difficult to examine the effects of treatments, even when the trial is planned and overseen beforehand. There is always a range of reactions shown in measurements conducted on study animals, regardless of how inbred they are.
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To discover the plasma concentrations that produce the desired drug effect without toxicity means to establish the drug's:______.
To discover the plasma concentrations that produced the desired drug effect without toxicity means to establish the drugs:
Therapeutic range
Explanation:
The Therapeutic Range: What Does It Mean?
The range of drug levels in a patient's blood within which the medication produces the desired effects on the body is known as the therapeutic range. It has to deal with a numerical standard that identifies the right dosage levels of prescription drugs in the serum or plasma of the bloodstream and the distinct reactions that can occur between toxicology (overdose) and inefficient treatment (under-dose) of the patient.
Why is the drug concentration in plasma significant?
Plasma concentration monitoring is useful for determining compliance with antiarrhythmic therapy, identifying and analyzing potential drug interactions, and determining the benefit to risk ratio of raising the dose of a certain antiarrhythmic agent, among other specific objectives.
Why is the medication concentration in plasma or serum checked?
Drug concentrations in plasma, serum, or blood are measured as part of the therapeutic drug monitoring process. To ensure that drug concentrations stay within a certain range, this information is utilized to tailor dosing.
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Which disorder places a pregnant woman at a higher risk of an amniotic fluid embolism?
Abruptio placentae places a pregnant woman at a higher risk of an amniotic fluid embolism.
Placental abruption (Abruptio placentae): What is it?Abruptio placentae, a rare but deadly pregnancy condition, is the rupture of the placenta. Throughout pregnancy, the placenta grows within the uterus. It adheres to the uterine wall and feeds and oxygenates the developing fetus.Placental abruption, which occurs prior to delivery, is when the placenta partially or completely separates from the inner wall of the uterus. This could cause the mother to have significant bleeding as well as decrease or impede the baby's intake of nutrients and oxygen. Placental abruption frequently occurs in an instant. Both the mother and the child are in danger if it is not handled.Learn more about the Placental abruption with the help of the given link:
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The functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off during the ______ phase of the uterine cycle.
The functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off during the luteal phase of the uterine cycle.
The menstrual cycle or uterine cycle is divided into two phases: the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The luteal phase starts when the egg has been released from the ovary and starts to travel down the fallopian tube and ends at the start of the next period. The average length of the luteal phase is about 12 to 14 days.
The luteal phase consists of several events that prepares the reproductive system for pregnancy. Once the follicle has released the egg, it changes into a structure called the corpus luteum. This corpus luteum secretes oestrogen and progesterone to thicken the lining of the uterus, forming the endometrium layer. If the egg gets fertilized, the endometrium lining nourishes the developing embryo, but if no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum dies and the functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off during menstruation, ending the luteal phase.
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Which example illustrates that individuals' lives are not entirely shaped by social structures?
To illustrates that individuals' lives are not entirely shaped by social structures. Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty but rose to become one of the wealthiest people in America.
What are social structures?The social structure. social structure is important from a sociological perspective because it influences how we behave. It can refer to a group's typical patterns, such as the relationships between men and women or students and teachers. Class Social. according to income, level of education, and standing in the field. Status.
Gender roles, the incest taboo, religious and healing rituals, mythology, marriage, language, art, dance, music, cooking, games, jokes, sports, birth and death because they involve ritual ceremonies as an accompaniment, etc. are examples of elements that may be considered cultural universals.
People learn how to function effectively in a society through a process known as socialisation.
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The amino acids of the standard 20 contain sulfur atom(s) are _____________; all amino acids found in proteins contain a(n) amino group, except
All amino acids found in proteins contain a(n) amino group, except for proline.
What is amino acid?The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. The building blocks of life are amino acids and proteins. Amino acids are the byproducts of protein digestion or breakdown. Proteins are created by the human body from amino acids to support the body: Destruction of food
Organic chemicals include amino acids. There are carbon-hydrogen bonds in organic chemicals. There is a basic structure shared by all amino acids. A hydrogen atom, an R-group, or side-chain group, a basic amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a central carbon atom are all connected to one another by a molecule.
As the components of proteins, amino acids serve this purpose. Most chemical reactions that take place within cells are catalysed by proteins.
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Virtually all chemical changes that take place in cells require ________, molecules that greatly increase the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.
Virtually all chemical changes that take place in cells require enzymes, molecules that greatly increase the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.
Enzymes are the biological catalysts. these are actually proteinaceous in nature. They are known to increase the rate of a reaction. This is done by lowering the activation energy of that reaction. Almost all the reactions of the body require enzymes.
A chemical reaction is actually a chemical change in the structure of a molecule, called reactant to yield another molecule called the product. These reactions can occur spontaneously or with the help of enzymes.
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