The range of each Amazon box is determined as 1.59 m.
Time of motion of the amazon box
The time of motion of the amazon box is calculated as follows;
h = vt + ¹/₂gt²
where;
v is initial vertical velocity = 0t is the time of motion of the amazon boxh is the height traveledh = ¹/₂gt²
t = √(2h/g)
t = √(2 x 1.4/9.8)
t = 0.53 second
Range of the amazon boxThe horizontal distance traveled by the amazon box is known as the range and it is calculated as follows;
R = Vₓt
where;
Vₓ is the horizontal speedt is the time of motionR = 3 m/s x 0.53 s
R = 1.59 m
Thus, the range of each Amazon box is determined as 1.59 m.
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Find the magnitude of ax, the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied.
The magnitude of ax is given by |ax|= | v₀²/2(d −v₀t) |
acceleration: change in velocity with respect to time.
It is a vector quantity. That means it has both magnitude. As well as direction.
a = dv/dt
where
dv = change in velocity
dt = Time
the unit of acceleration is m/s²
magnitude of acceleration is represented by its unit and the direction is represented by a unit vector.
according to the Newton's Second Law acceleration is proportional to the total force and inversely proportional to the objects mass.
magnitude of acceleration is proportional to magnitude of this force.
The magnitude of ax is given by |ax|= | v₀²/2(d −v₀t) |
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This pie chart shows several ways that the United States made electricity in 2009. The chart shows that
The correct answer is Sustainability.
Sustainability is the main issue when evaluating energy sources for future generations.
Sustainable development is used to fulfill present demands without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own requirements. The assertion is accurate and offers a goal that many people want, but it makes no recommendations or guarantees about how to gauge progress toward sustainable development. Sustainability is frequently used interchangeably with "sustainable development".
The twenty-first century's primary engine of progress is energy. This query does not have the graph displaying the various energy sources, but I will do my best to assist you.
You must keep in mind that when choosing energy sources to reduce environmental deterioration, sustainability is the main consideration for future generations.
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The correct answers are:
The chart shows that (A. coal) was the main source of energy used in power plants.
To understand this chart in terms of climate change, scientists need to find out (B. how much carbon dioxide is emitted by each source).
For future generations, they also need to think about (B. how to maximize the use of clean sources of energy).
What is the wavelength of the photon emitted by an excited hydrogen atom where m =12 in the balmer equation?
The wavelength of the photon is 377nm.
What is the Balmer series?The Balmer series is the series that begins or ends at n=2. It is one of the series of the hydrogen spectrum.
Now;
1/λ = RH([tex]\frac{1}{n_{2} ^{2} }[/tex] - [tex]\frac{1}{n_{1} ^{2} }[/tex])
λ = Wavelength
RH = Rydberg constant for hydrogen
[tex]n_{2[/tex] = final energy level
[tex]n_{1}[/tex] = initial energy level
1/λ = 1.097 * 10^7(1/2^2 - 1/12^2)
1/λ = 1.097 * 10^7(0.25 - 0.0069)
λ = 3.77 * 10^-7 m or 377nm
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The light produced by the sun is a _____ white light, made up of other colors of light.
The light produced by the sun is a composite white light, made up of other colors of light.
What is light?Electromagnetic radiation includes the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye detects as light, or visible light. Visible light is typically defined as having wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm) or frequencies between 750 and 420 terahertz, which lie between the longer-wavelength infrared and the shorter-wavelength ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths).
In physics, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether or not it is visible, is more generally referred to as "light." In this sense, radio waves, microwaves, gamma rays, and X-rays are all types of light. The four primary qualities of light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization.
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Can you physically touch a person without that person touching you with the same amount of force?.
No, you cannot physically touch a person without that person touching you with the same amount of force.
According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction which means that when two objects come in physical contact with each other the exert forces on one another that is equal in terms of magnitude and opposite in terms of direction.
So, in this case you physically touch a person with x amounts of force and basically they exert the same amount of force on you.
Therefore, you cannot physically touch a person without that person touching you with the same amount of force.
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Two identical toy race cars drive horizontally of the top of a table from the same initial height, but with different initial velocities. Which one reaches the ground first?
A. The race cars will hit the ground at the same time.
B. Which one hits the ground first depends on the initial height.
C. The race car with the slower launch speed will hit the ground first.
D. The race car with the faster launch speed will hit the ground first.
If two identical toy race cars drive horizontally on the top of a table from the same initial height, but with different initial velocities, then the race cars will hit the ground at the same time, therefore the correct answer is option A.
What is gravity?It can be defined as the force by which a body attracts another body towards its center as the result of the gravitational pull of one body and another.
As given in the problem If two identical toy race cars drive horizontally on the top of a table from the same initial height, but with different initial velocities,
The final velocity of the race cars depends only on the height, as the height is the same for both the cars, the race cars will hit the ground at the same time.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
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Answer: The answer is A
Explanation:
What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density b within the air?
Magnetic flux density - It is the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed to magnetic field at right angle.
It is denoted by B
unit of B is tesla (T)
The total no. of magnetic field lines passing through a area is called magnetic flux.
Magnitude of the magnetic flux - It is equal to the area of the surface and having perpendicular direction to the plane of the surface.
Its unit is weber (Wb)
Direction to the magnetic flux density - The direction is north pole to the south pole.
The magnetic field lines are known as lines of magnetic flux.
flux lines are not in direction of force but perpendicular.
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The work function for metallic caesium is 2.14 ev. calculate the kinetic energy and the speed of the electrons ejected by light of wavelength (i) 580 nm, (ii) 250 nm.
The kinetic energy and the speed of the electrons ejected by light of wavelength is
580nm - No electrons emitted.250 nm - 2.837 ev, speed of the energy is 0.9988×10⁶ m/s.To find the Kinetic energy and speed of the electron, the given values are,
Work function of metallic Caesium - 2.14 ev.
What is photoelectric effect?The phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation is called Photoelectric effect. When the electrons on the metal plate gets ejected when the light beam passed on the metal plate.
From the basic equation of photoelectric effect we have
hν = Φ + ½ mv²
where,
hν - hc/ λ ,is the energy of the incident radiation
Φ - work function of the metal
½ mv² - kinetic energy of the emitted electrons
Thus applying values,
1) For wavelength of 580 nanometers, we have
The energy of incident radiation equals,
6.636× 10⁻³⁴× ((3× 10⁸)/(580× 10⁻⁹× 1.6 × 10 ⁻¹⁹)
=2.14 ev
Since the energy of incident radiation is lesser than or equal to the work function of the metal hence no electron's will be emitted.
2. The Kinetic energy can be,
K.E = 6.636× 10⁻³⁴× ((3× 10⁸)/(580× 10⁻⁹) - 2.14 × 1.6 × 10 ⁻¹⁹)
=2.837 ev.
Thus kinetic energy for the wavelength is 2.837 ev.
Speed of the energy can be calculated as,
υ = √2E/m = √2×2.837×1.6×10⁻¹⁹/(9.8 × 10⁻³¹)
= 0.9988×10⁶ m/s.
So, the speed of the energy is 0.9988×10⁶ m/s.
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Coulomb's law is similar to newton's law of gravitation in several ways. which one of the statements is not a similarity between these two laws?
The only dissimilarity between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of gravitation other than the type of force considered is Newton's law only considers negative force while Coulomb's law considers both forces.
In these contexts, it is considered that repulsive forces are positive and attractive forces are negative. So, Newton's law of gravitation considers gravitational force which only attracts. So, Newton's law of gravitation takes only negative force into account while Coulomb's law considers both electric charges.
According to Newton's law of gravitation,
F = G [tex]m_{1} m_{2}[/tex] / [tex]r^{2}[/tex]
According to Coulomb's law
F = k [tex]q_{1} q_{2}[/tex] / [tex]r^{2}[/tex]
Therefore, the only dissimilarity between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of gravitation other than the type of force considered is Newton's law only considers negative force while Coulomb's law considers both positive and negative forces.
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a block of metal has a width of 3.2 cm , a length of 17.1 cm , and height of 4.5 cm . its mass is 1.5 kg . calculate the density of the metal.
The density of the metal is 0.006 Kg / [tex]cm^{3}[/tex]
We know that,
ρ = m / V
V = l w h
where,
ρ = Density
m = Mass
V = Volume
l = Length
w = Width
h = Height
Given that,
m = 1.5 kg
l = 17.1 cm
w = 3.2 cm
h = 4.5 cm
V = 17.1 * 3.2 * 4.5
V = 246.24 [tex]cm^{3}[/tex]
ρ = 1.5 / 246.24
ρ = 0.006 Kg / [tex]cm^{3}[/tex]
Density is defined as the amount of matter present in an enclosed boundary. It is represented as ρ.
Therefore, the density of the metal is 0.006 Kg / [tex]cm^{3}[/tex]
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A badger is trying to cross the street. Its velocity vvv as a function of time ttt is given in the graph below where rightwards is the positive velocity direction. A set of black coordinate axes are given with the vertical axis labeled "v (m/s)" and the horizontal axes labeled "t (s)". A curve that relates v to t is shown in blue. It begins with a straight line of endpoints (0,0) and (1,5). This first line is connected to a second line with endpoints (1,5) and (3,-5). This second line is then connected to a third line of endpoints (3,-5) and (6,-5). A set of black coordinate axes are given with the vertical axis labeled "v (m/s)" and the horizontal axes labeled "t (s)". A curve that relates v to t is shown in blue. It begins with a straight line of endpoints (0,0) and (1,5). This first line is connected to a second line with endpoints (1,5) and (3,-5). This second line is then connected to a third line of endpoints (3,-5) and (6,-5). What is the badger's displacement \Delta xΔxdelta, x from t=2\,\text st=2st, equals, 2, start text, s, end text to 3\,\text s3s3, start text, s, end text? Answer with two significant digits. \text mm
The badgers displacement from its position at point t = 2, to its position at point t = 3 is 25 meters
Which method can be used to calculate the displacement of the badger?The points on the graph are;
(0, 0), (1, 5), (3, -5), (6, -5)
The point t = 2 is between (1, 5) and (3, -5)
The slope, m, of the line containing the point t = 2 is therefore;
m = (-5 - 5)/(3 - 1) = -5The equation of the line is therefore;
v - 5 = -5•(t - 1)
v = -5•t + 5 + 5 = -5•t + 10
v = -5•t + 10
At t = 2, we have;
v = -5×2 + 10 = 0
The velocity at t = 2 is 0 m/s
The value of the acceleration is the same as the slope, m = a = -5
Given that the initial velocity at t = 2 is 0, we have;
∆x = u•t + 0.5•a•t²
At t = 3, the time of travel from the time t = 2 is 1 seconds, which gives;
∆x = 0×5 + 0.5×(-5)×1² = -2.5
The distance traveled between points, t = 2 and t = 3 is ∆x = -2.5, which is 2.5 meters in the direction opposite to the initial direction.
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A 73.0-kg person stands on a scale in an elevator.hat does the scale read (in n) when the elevator is at rest?
When the elevator is at rest, the scale reads 75 kg.
By "scale in elevator" what do you mean?The scale will read higher than when the elevator is at rest if you stand on it as it accelerates upward, making you feel heavier due to the elevator's floor pressing more forcefully on your feet. On the other hand, you feel lighter as the elevator speeds down. The scale will display the normal force, which is less than it was at rest, as N = m(g - a). An elevator scale is being used by a 75 kg individual to demonstrate the issue. The scale reads 100 kg as the elevator starts to rise.
In the case of a rest, the combined force acting on the elevator is caused by the person's mass and Earth's gravitational pull. As a result, the scale reads 75 kg when the elevator is at rest.
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an asteroid is 180,000km away from the moon on a collision course. how much time will it take before the asteroid is 10km away if it is moving at a constant velocity of 36,000m/s?
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
(180 000 - 10) km / 36 km/s = 4999.7 =~ 5000 seconds = 83 .3 min
The fact that the lunar phases repeat on the same solar dates about every 19 years (the metonic cycle) can be used to __
The Metonic cycle is a period of almost exactly 19 years after which the lunar phases recur at the same time of the year.
The Metonic cycle is defined as ,235 synodic months is just 2 hours, 4 minutes and 58 seconds longer than 19 tropical years.
In Athens, at 5th century BC, give the cycle to be a whole number of days, 6,940. Using these whole numbers facilitates the construction of a lunisolar calendar.
A tropical year is longer than 12 lunar months and shorter than 13 of them. The arithmetic representation of 12×12 + 7×13 = 235 allows it to be seen that a combination of 12 "short" years (12 months) and 7 "long" years (13 months) will be almost equal to 19 solar years.
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Assortative mating changes ______ frequencies but does not change ______ frequencies.
Allele frequencies are unaffected by assortative mating, but genotype frequencies .
Assortative mating:Individuals with similar phenotypes and genotypes mate with others more frequently than is anticipated under a random mating pattern in assortative mating, which is a mating pattern and a type of sexual selection.
Frequencies of genotypes:A population's genotype frequency is calculated by dividing the number of people having a particular genotype by the overall population size. The genotype frequency in population genetics is the frequency or ratio (i.e., 0 f 1) among genotypes inside a population.
The frequency for alleles in biology:The term "allele frequency" describes the prevalence of an allele in a population. It is calculated by calculating the number of times the allele occurs in the population and dividing by the sum of all the gene copies.
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A protective layer that shields the surface from lethal ultraviolet light is found in which layer of the atmosphere?
A protective layer that shields the surface from lethal ultraviolet light is found in second layer of the atmosphere i.e., stratosphere.
More about ozone
The ozone layer is a component of the stratosphere, which is the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the name given to the layer of insulating gases that clings to our globe.
Ozone is a trace gas since there are only around 3 of its molecules in the atmosphere for every 10 million air molecules. But it serves an important purpose.
Like a sponge, the ozone layer absorbs sunlight that reaches Earth. While some of the sun’s radiation is essential for our survival, excessive amounts can be harmful to other living things.
The ozone layer shields life on Earth.
Benefits of ozone
Ozone does a good job of trapping ultraviolet radiation, also known as UV light, which may damage DNA molecules in plants and animals and penetrate protective layers on creatures like the epidermis.
The two primary subtypes of UV light are UVB and UVA.
UVB causes skin conditions including sunburns and cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Answer:
In the Stratosphere
The protective layer is made of OZONE (O3). It shields us from the Sun's ultraviolet light. If the Ozone layer in the stratosphere becomes thin (letting more ultraviolet light through) it can lead to light and severe health effects, both to humans and animals, and can even affect food webs. In people, excess UV light can lead to certain forms of cataracts, increase in burns, cataracts, and sometimes even mutations (according to my FLVS Envornmental science course).
Have a great day!
What is the acceleration due to gravity on earth
Astronauts brought back 500 lb of rock samples from the moon. how many kilograms did they bring back? 1 kg = 2.20 lb
A. 227 kg
B. 498 kg
C. 500 kg
D. 1,100 kg
Answer:
1100 kg
Explanation:
500 lb x 2.20lb (1kg) =1100kg
23.6cm= what in meters
Explanation
23.6/100= 0.236
Olympus mons, thought to be the largest volcano in the solar system, can be found on which planet?
Olympus mons can be found on Mars planet.
What is Olympus mons?In the Tharsis Montes region, close to the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to one hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. The massive Martian mountain towers high above the surrounding plains of the red planet and may be waiting for the next eruption. The highest of them all runs about 374 miles (624 km), or about as far as the state of Arizona, and rises 16 miles (25 km) over the plains below. Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Mount Everest, which has a peak elevation of 5.5 miles above sea level and is the tallest mountain on Earth.
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Solve the following problems using the correct number of significant figures each time.
8. Significant Figures Solve the following
problems, using the correct number of signifi-
cant figures each time.
a. 10.8 g - 8.264 g
b. 4.75 m - 0.4168 m
c. 139 cm x 2.3 cm
d. 13.78 g/11.3 mL
e. 1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm
The solution to the problems in correct significant figures are;
a. 10.8 g - 8.264 g = 2.536 g
b. 4.75 m - 0.4168 m = 4.3332 g
c. 139 cm x 2.3 cm = 319.7 cm²
d. 13.78 g/11.3 mL = 1.22 g/ml
e. 1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm = 1,613.62 m
What is significant figures?Significant figures are used to establish the number which is presented in the form of digits.
Solution of the given expressionsa. 10.8 g - 8.264 g = 2.536 g
b. 4.75 m - 0.4168 m = 4.3332 g
c. 139 cm x 2.3 cm = 319.7 cm²
d. 13.78 g/11.3 mL = 1.22 g/ml
e. 1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm = 1,600 m + 1.62 m + 12 m = 1,613.62 m
Thus, the solution to the problems in correct significant figures are;
a. 10.8 g - 8.264 g = 2.536 g
b. 4.75 m - 0.4168 m = 4.3332 g
c. 139 cm x 2.3 cm = 319.7 cm²
d. 13.78 g/11.3 mL = 1.22 g/ml
e. 1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm = 1,613.62 m
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concepts of developing scientific and critical thinking skills among students
Answer:
Explanation. analysis, inference, and evaluation.help you to solve your problem as well as by using it you can develop scientific and critical thinking skills among students
A ship travels 20 km to the south and then 40 km to the west. the ship's displacement from its starting point is?
A ship travels 20 km to the south and then 40 km to the west. The ship's displacement from its starting point is approximately 44.7 km. Hence, the displacement is approximately 45 km.
Here, the calculation is done,
a = 20 km (southward movement)
b = 40 km (westward movement)
Now, one can find the displacement (d) using the Pythagorean theorem:
d² = a² + b²
d² = (20 km)² + (40 km)²
d² = 400 km² + 1600 km²
d² = 2000 km²
Now, by taking the square root of both sides to find the displacement (d):
d = √(2000 km²) d ≈ 44.7 km (rounded to one decimal place)
So, the ship's displacement from its starting point is approximately 44.7 km.
Hence, the displacement is approximately 45 km.
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A 120.0 l weather balloon filled with 4.90 mol of helium has a small leak. if the helium leaks at a rate of 10.0 mmol/hr, what is the volume of the balloon after 67.0 hours?
The volume of the balloon after 67 hours would be 119.98 L
Calculationmol of he = 4.90 mol
wt. of he = 4.90x 4 = 19.60 g
after 67 hours,
67 x 10 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] x 4 = 2.68 g
we know 1 L = 1000 g
so, volume of gas = 2.68 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] L
amount left = 16.92 g = 16.92 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] L
thus, volume after 67 hours = 119.98 L
What is a weather balloon?A weather balloon, or also known as the sounding balloon, is a specially crafted balloon that is used to carry instruments above to the sky to send back information to the radio signal centres about atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde.
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What led to a change in the model of the atom?
Answer:
Rutherford's experiment
Explanation:
Rutherford's experiment prompted a change in the atomic model. If the positive alpha particles mostly passed through the foil, but some bounced back. AND if they already knew that the electron was small and negative, then the atom must have a small positive nucleus with the electrons around them.
A runner with a mass of 75 kg accelerates from 0 to 7 m/s in 4 s. find the net force on the runner using the alternate form of newton's second law.
Using the Newton's second law the net force of the runner is 131.25 N
To solve this exercise the formula for net force and the formula for uniformly varied rectilinear motion (UVRM) to be applied are:
F = m * aa = (vf - vi) /tWhere:
F = Forcem = massa = accelerationvf = final velocityvi = initial velocityt = timeInformation about the problem:
m = 75 kgvf = 7 m/svi = 0 m/st = 4 sa = ?F = ?N = kg * m/s²Applying the formula for UVRM we can calculate the acceleration of the runner:
a = (vf - vi) /t
a = (7 m/s - 0 m/s) / 4s
a = 7 m/s / 4s
a = 1.75 m/s²
With the acceleration we can apply the net force formula and get:
F = m * a
F = 75 kg * 1.75 m/s²
F = 131.25 N
What is force?It is the physical magnitude that expresses the effort necessary to move the mass of one kilogram with an acceleration of one meter per second squared, this is expressed in units of the international system in Newton.
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A rock is dropped from a 134-m-high cliff. how long does it take to fall (a) the first 67.0 m and (b) the second 67.0 m?
The time taken by the rock to travel another 67m is 1.5 s.
Briefing :Taking +y direction downward and y₀= 0, we have y = V₀t+1/2 gt², which (with V₀≠0) yields t= [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2y}{g(a)} }[/tex]
(a) For this part of motion, y₁ = 67m, so that
t₁ = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2(67)}{9.8 m/s^{2} } }[/tex] = 3.7 s
(b) For this next part of motion. we note that the total displacement is
y₂= 134m
Therefore, the total time is t₂ = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2(134)}{9.8m/s^{2} } }[/tex] = 5.2 s
The difference between this and the answer to part (a) is the time required to fall through that second 67m distance:
Δt = t₂-t₁ = 5.2s - 3.7s = 1.5s
Therefore the time taken by the rock to travel another 67m is 1.5 s.
Gravity causes a body to descend faster, and as it does, the air resistance that slows it down rises. This keeps happening until the weight of the object and the force of air resistance are equal.
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A metro train is traveling at constant velocity. what are the net forces on (a) the first car, (b) the middle car, and (c) the last car?
The net forces on the first car is zero, the middle car is zero, and the last car is also zero.
What is a net force?In mechanics, the net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on a particle or object. The original forces' impact on the particle's motion is replaced by the net force, which is a single force. It causes the particle to accelerate at a rate equal to the sum of all those actual forces, as stated by Newton's second law of motion.
It is possible to figure out the torque connected to the point at which a net force is applied in order to keep the object's jets moving in the direction of the initial force field. Its resulting torque, the net force, has the same impact on the object's rotational motion as all actual forces combined.
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After the core of a sun-like star starts to fuse helium on the horizontal branch, the core becomes?
After the core of a sun-like star starts to fuse helium on the horizontal branch, the core becomes hotter.
What is a horizontal branch?This stage of stellar evolution is experienced by intermediate-mass stars, or those with masses between 0.8 and 8 M$, which includes the bulk of the galaxy's stars, including the Sun. These stars spend time on the Red Giant Branch after leaving the Main Sequence, where hydrogen burning in a shell around the central core causes their atmospheres to expand. Helium, a byproduct of the hydrogen shell-burning, is deposited in the core, raising its temperature to the point at which the triple alpha process is triggered. Three helium nuclei, often known as "alpha particles," combine during this process to create carbon-12. If this and another helium nucleus fuse, oxygen-16 is created.
The helium flash, which marks the beginning of this helium fusion in the star core, causes the temperature to rise as the radius falls, maintaining a steady luminosity. Stars in this phase are known as Horizontal Branch stars because they travel to the left, roughly horizontally, over the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram as a result of their constant luminosity and rising temperature.
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Why are astronomers interested in building observatories capable of detecting neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational waves?.
Astronomers are interested in building observatories capable of detecting neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational waves because these are not forms of light, they can provide information about the objects that emit them that light cannot.
Astronomers study the heavens at X-ray wavelengths using satellites and earth-orbiting observatories. Because X-rays and gamma rays are absorbed high in the Earth's atmosphere, instruments to observe this radiation must be placed in orbit above the atmosphere.
Astronomy relies on electromagnetic radiation to help us see the universe. It allows us to see (visual light) on Earth. Pulsars, for example, emit X-rays but not visible light, which is how we know they exist. Neutrinos are also made up of energy, but they are made up of radioactive decay.
This enables scientists to measure them despite the fact that they can pass through almost anything without being noticed. Gravitational waves are disturbances caused by the curvature of space that expand at a specific rhythm or "force" that travels at the speed of time. Because they can all be measured without being light, they are ideal for being found in space to create more knowledge about the universe.
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