This could indicate that the genes in the region of DNA in the muscle cells are actively being transcribed, while the same genes in the lung cells are not.
This implies that the genes in this region are important in the development of muscle cells, and not as important in the development of lungs.
DNA is the blueprint of life! It's a special type of molecule that carries all the instructions that tell your body how to grow and function. You can think of it like a recipe that tells your body how to make you! It's made up of smaller molecules called genes, and these genes are what makes you unique.
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birds and crocodiles share a more recent common ancestor than either group shares with lizards or mammals. lizards and crocodiles have a common ancestor also shared by birds. which statement about the relationships among these organisms is false?
Birds as well crocodiles happen to share a common ancestor which the either group shares with a lizard or a mammal.. Birds and crocodiles are monophyletic but lizards and crocodiles are not but all three of them together form a monophyletic group.
A phylogenetic tree can be basically defined as a diagram which shows related organisms, shared traits as well as common ancestors within a particular monophyletic group. In a phylogenetic tree, there always will be a common ancestor shown.
Birds as well the crocodiles happen to share one common ancestor which the either group happens to share with a lizard or a mammal. Birds and crocodiles belong to a monophyletic group but lizards and crocodiles are not but all three of them together form a monophyletic group.
--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Birds and crocodiles share a more recent common ancestor than either group shares with lizards or mammals. Lizards and crocodiles have a common ancestor also shared by birds. Which of the following statements about the relationships among these organisms is most accurate?
a. Birds and crocodiles are a monophyletic group.
b. Lizards and crocodiles do NOT compose a monophyletic group.
c. Birds, crocodiles, and lizards taken together compose a monophyletic group.
d. Birds, crocodiles, lizards, and mammals taken together also compose a monophyletic group.
e. All of the above."--
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silverswords had no tree and shrub competitors prior to recent human ecological disturbance to the hawaiian islands. descended from a tarweed ancestor that evolved in an environment with many tree and shrub species, its arrival on the islands represented an evolutionary radiation because of a ?
Before recent human ecological disruption to the Hawaiian Islands, Silverswords had no rival trees and shrubs species.
Its arrival just on islands represented an evolutionary radiation because of a variety of open ecological niches because it descended from the a tarweed ancestor which evolved in a habitat with many tree and shrub species.
The Asteraceae family's Hawaiian silversword alliance is a well-known adaptive radiation. The clade hasn't been assigned any fossils, like so many island plant lineages. As a result, it is challenging to check biogeographic hypotheses about radiation because the clade's age and rate of diversification are not precisely known. The term "silversword alliance," also referred to as "tarweeds," describes an adaptive radiation of about 30 species in the Asteraceae, also known as the composite as well as sunflower family.
(Silverswords had no tree and shrub competitors prior to recent human ecological disturbance to the Hawaiian Islands. Descended from a tarweed ancestor that evolved in an environment with many tree and shrub species, its arrival on the islands represented a(n) __because of a(n)__.)
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true or false: physiology focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work.
The given statement that, "physiology focuses at the cellular or molecular level to gain an understanding of how the organ systems work" is true because its focuses on body's working mechanisms that can be studies at the molecular/ cellular level
Physiology is the branch of biological science that deals with the functioning and mechanisms of the living body. These functions can be of a single cell, a tissue, an organ or the whole organ system. The various branches of physiology include: plant physiology, animal physiology, cell physiology, medical physiology, etc.
Organ system is the part of the living body that constitutes of various organs working together to accomplish a function inside the body. The organ system can be found in large multicellular organisms. The examples include digestive system, respiratory system, etc.
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The functional unit of the kidney is called _____. a. the renal hilus b. the renal corpuscle c. the nephron d. Bowman’s capsule.
The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. The nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle, which includes Bowman's capsule, and a renal tubule.
The renal corpuscle is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine, while the renal tubule reabsorbs important substances such as water, glucose, and electrolytes back into the bloodstream. The nephrons work together to regulate the body's fluid balance and remove waste products from the body. The number of nephrons in a kidney can vary from person to person, but a healthy adult typically has about 1 million nephrons. Nephrons play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and any damage to them can lead to kidney disease.
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did marine mammals evolve from a single ancestor who returned from the ocean or were there distinct return-to-ocean events from seperate ancestors
Marine mammals evolved from separate ancestors who returned to the ocean in distinct events.
The evolution of marine mammals was not a single, straightforward process, but rather a series of separate events that occurred over millions of years. Different groups of mammals, such as cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), and sirenians (manatees and dugongs), evolved from land-dwelling ancestors and returned to the ocean in separate, distinct events.
Over time, these ancestral species underwent a series of adaptations, such as the development of specialized body shapes and limbs for swimming, changes in sensory organs for underwater navigation, and modifications in their respiratory and circulatory systems for diving. These adaptations allowed them to successfully occupy marine environments.
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leaves with large surface areas contain more chloroplasts and can conduct more photosynthesis how is this an adaptation for plants with large leaves?
The large surface area of leaves allows absorption of a large amount of light. In addition, palisade cells present on the upper surface of the leaf, where the light falls, are adapted for light absorption.
What are the functions of palisade cells?Palisade cells are plant cells located on the leaves, right below the epidermis and cuticle that is the outermost layer of the leaf. In simpler terms, they are known as leaf cells.
The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The palisade cells contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis. The palisade cells are closely packed together to maximize light absorption.
The palisade parenchyma tissue usually is located on the upper side of the leaf, and the spongy parenchyma on the lower side. There may be only a single layer of palisade cells perpendicularly arranged below the upper epidermis, or there may be as many as three layers.
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in a prokaryotic cell, all of the following are functions of either fimbriae or pili except __________.
All of the following are functions of either the fimbriae or the pili in a prokaryotic cell, with the exception of phagocytosis defense.
Single-celled organisms known as prokaryotes are found in the Bacteria and Archaea domains. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles, have no nucleus, and are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. A cell wall protects every prokaryotic cell. Many also have a polysaccharide-based capsule or slime layer.
A cell type without a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles is referred to as prokaryotic. All other forms of life are eukaryotic, whereas organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea are based on the prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic organisms, on the other hand, are very prevalent and account for a large portion of the biomass on Earth.
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Complete Question -
In a prokaryotic cell, all of the following are functions of either fimbriae or pili EXCEPT __________.
transfer of DNA
protection from phagocytosis
formation of biofilms
attachment to a surface
An element has an atomic mass number of 16 and an atomic number of 7. How many protons and neutrons are there?
The number of protons are 7 and the number of neutrons are 9
What are protons and neutrons?Protons and neutrons are the charged particles that are present inside the nucleus of an atom. Where protons and positively charged, the neutrons are neutral in nature. These charged particles form the atomic mass of an element.
Whereas, the number of neutrons is calculated as follows.
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons which is 7
Atomic mass = no. of protons + no. of neutrons
16 = 7 + no. of neutrons
No. of neutrons = 16 -7 = 9
Therefore, the number of protons is 7 and the number of neutrons is 9
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during fertilization which two cells come together
Secondary sperm and secondary oocyte are the two cells that combine during fertilization.
What transpires during fertilization between two haploid cells?The genetic material is integrated in the ensuing zygote cell after a sperm fertilizes an egg. In other words, two independent haploid cells that each contained one pair of chromosomes combine to form a single diploid cell that contained two sets of chromosomes. A new human eventually develops from that zygote cell.
The two cells required for reproduction are what?The two different sex cells, or gametes, are involved in human reproductive process. Female reproductive system is meeting place for the male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, or ovum. A fertilized egg is referred to as a zygote when sperm fertilizes it.
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fill in the blank question. based on cell structure, all life forms can be placed into two categories called and .
Macrophages sometimes produce a chemical called TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) in order to alert other cells of the immune system. TNF would be an example of a cytokine.
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins that are made by certain immune and non-immune cells and have an effect on the immune system. Cytokines are peptides and these cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines help on inflammatory reactions as they signal via type1 cytokine receptors(CCR1) which is structurally divergent from other cytokine receptors types. They help in coordinating cell mediated immune response and also modulates the immune response.
Cytokines help in tissue damage repair in the development and progression of cancer. Different types of cytokines are chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)[1,2,3,4].
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All formed elements are derived from cells in bone marrow called ________
Red bone marrow contains stem cells known as hemocytoblasts. They manufacture all of the substances that are synthesised in the blood.
Which cell kinds are created in the bone marrow?Blood stem cells that can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets are found in red bone marrow. Stem cells that can develop into cartilage, fat, or bone cells are found in the yellow bone marrow, which is primarily constituted of fat.
Do bone marrow cells produce all formed elements?The red bone marrow's stem cells are the source of all created components. Recall that stem cells divide through both mitosis and cytokinesis to produce new daughter cells: Only one of these is still a stem cell.
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Which of the following is the
stigma,
where pollen lands on
the flower?
A. D
B. C
C. B
D. A
Answer: D
Explanation: The stigma is the part of the pistil where pollen lands and germinates.
Answer: The answer is D
Explanation:
which of the following statement about archaea is false? question 41 options: they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. they evolved before bacteria. they are prokaryotes. some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles.
The correct option (b) they evolved before bacteria
Archaea is a single-celled organism domain. These microbes are prokaryotes because they lack cell nuclei. Archaea were originally classed as bacteria and given the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this word is no longer used.
Archaeal cells differ from the other two domains, Bacteria and Eukaryota, in several ways. Archaea is further subdivided into many recognized phyla. Classification is challenging because most have not been isolated in a laboratory and have only been found in environmental samples by their gene sequences. It is uncertain if they are capable of producing endospores.
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the bonds holding paried bases together in opposing strands of dna
Hydrogen bonds is present between G-C and A-T base pairs of dna.
All the molecule present in the DNA as a double helix are formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides that are joined together with the help of hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs.
In general ,the phosphodiester bond are linked by the phosphate group of one base to –OH group on the 3-carbon of the sugar from another base. On the other hand the adjacent nucleotides of the single strand of DNA are linked with the covalent bonds known as phosphodiester bonds. They are formed by the process of condensation reactions took place at the 3' OH of the sugar of the first nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of the next nucleotide in the strand.
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what is the function of aminoacyl-trna synthetase?
In order to decode mRNAs in accordance with the genetic code, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, an essential and widely distributed family of enzymes, pair tRNAs with one‘s cognate amino acids.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are enzymes that catalyse the attachment of a specific amino acid to the 3' finish of its cognate tRNA, which is a crucial step in the production of proteins. In order to transfer the cognate amino acid to the tRNA, they do this by forming an energetically dense aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate. Aminoacyl-tRNAs are translation's substrates and play a key role in how genetic code is translated into amino acids. To precisely match amino acids to tRNAs that have the corresponding anticodon, aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis is required.
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what happens to the paired chromosomes during anaphase?
During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle.
The term "anaphase" refers to the stage of mitosis that follows the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell. Anaphase is derived from the Ancient Greek words "ana-" for "backward" and "phásis" for "appearance." With order to aid in chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus, chromosomes also reach their overall maximum condensation in late anaphase.
When the anaphase-promoting complex ubiquitylates the inhibitory chaperone securin, anaphase is said to have begun. A protease called separase is inhibited by the protein securin. Securin's degradation releases separase, which then degrades cohesin, the protein that holds sister chromatids together.
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The main organelle responsible for maintaining homeostasis is the cell membrane. True Or False
True, the main organelle responsible for maintaining homeostasis is the cell membrane. All cells' interiors are separated from their surroundings by a biological membrane called the cell membrane.
It is also known as the plasmalemma, cytoplasmic membrane, and plasma membrane (PM) (the extracellular space). A lipid bilayer, which is two layers of phospholipids interspersed with cholesterol (a lipid component), makes up the cell membrane and helps it remain fluid at different temperatures. Membrane proteins are also a component of the membrane, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters and peripheral proteins that only cling to the outside membrane of the cell but serve as enzymes to aid the cell's interaction with its environment.
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which adaptation increases the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? which adaptation increases the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? outer membrane of a mitochondrion outer membrane of a chloroplast cristae of a mitochondrion grana of a chloroplast
Option 3 is Correct. The surface area of a cell component involved in respiration is increased by the cristae of a mitochondrion adaption.
The folds found inside the cellular respiration inner mitochondrial membrane are called mitochondrial cristae. These folds provide a larger surface area where chemical processes, like redox reactions, can occur. The folds in mitochondria have the purpose of expanding the surface area.
The cell respiration process, which entails the breakdown of carbohydrates (sugars) to produce energy, is carried out by this inner, folded region of the mitochondria, known as the inner membrane.
In the inner mitochondrial membrane are folds called cristae. Eukaryotic cells have organelles called mitochondria. Cristae primarily serve to expand the mitochondrial membrane's surface area. As a result, membrane activities can generate more energy.
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Correct Question:
Which adaptation increases the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?
1. outer membrane of a mitochondrion
2. outer membrane of a chloroplast
3. cristae of a mitochondrion
4. grana of a chloroplast
the process in part a describes the synthesis of biological macromolecules. the reverse process involves the breakdown of polymers. which type of enzyme catalyzes the reverse process?
Polymers are broken down in the opposite method. The reverse process is catalyzed by hydrolase enzymes, hence answer choice (A) is accurate.
The group of enzymes known as hydrolase is responsible for bond cleavages caused by reactions with water. Most hydrolases have a digestive nature, breaking down nutrients into more manageable portions for digestion. For instance, lipases hydrolyze lipids (triglycerides) to glycerol and fatty acids, whereas proteases break down proteins into smaller peptides and subsequently amino acids. Because they must be able to digest a variety of nutrients, hydrolases often have a wide range of substrate preferences. Because of their wide substrate specificity, excellent stereoselectivity, and ability to catalyze other related processes in addition to hydrolysis, hydrolases are very helpful to organic chemists. They also reverse hydrolysis and catalyzed alcoholysis.
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The complete question is:
The process shown in part A (above) demonstrates the synthesis of biological macromolecules. The reverse process involves the breakdown of polymers. Which type of enzyme catalyzes the reverse process?
a) hydrolase
b) dehydrogenase
c) polymerase
if you were a house, a contractor who patches up holes in your walls and fixes termite damage partly by breaking down the old, damaged walls would be most like which type of bone cell?
If you were a house, a contractor who expanded on the house by adding a new wing would be most similar to osteoblast bone cell, thus the correct option is (B)
Cells called osteoblasts build bone tissue. To control the equilibrium of calcium and phosphate ions in growing bone, osteoblasts can synthesize and secrete bone matrix and take part in the mineralization of bone. Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts. Numerous elements, including different hormones and locally produced bioactive chemicals following fracture, have an impact on the conversion of osteoprogenitors. These conditions allow osteoprogenitors to proliferate in high numbers and start differentiating into osteoblasts, which carry out osteogenic tasks. Because osteoblasts are functional cells, they seldom divide and proliferate.
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The complete question is:
If you were a house, a contractor who expanded on the house by adding a new wing would be most similar to which type of bone cell?
Select one:
a. osteogenic
b. osteoblast
c. osteocyte
d. osteoclast
in multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin sheath of central axons. one symptom is poor motor control of the affected area. why does destruction of the myelin sheath affect motor control?
In multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin sheath of central axons. One symptom is poor motor control of the affected area.
The destruction of the myelin sheath affects motor control because it decreases the efficiency with which the brain can communicate with the body.Myelin is an insulating layer on the outside of axons, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).MS affects women more than men. The disorder is most commonly diagnosed between ages 20 to 40, but it can be seen at any age.
Multiple sclerosis is caused by damage to the myelin sheath. This sheath is the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. When this nerve covering is damaged, nerve signals slow or stop. The nerve damage is caused by inflammation. Inflammation occurs when the body's own immune cells attack the nervous system. This can occur along any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord.
The exact cause of it is unknown. The most common cause that is thought is that it is caused by a virus, a gene defect, or both. Environmental factors may also play a role.
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Beta-sheets are a type of secondary structure and are found in every protein.a. Trueb. False
Beta-sheets are a type of secondary structure and are found in every protein is True.
Beta sheet Hydrogen bonds in protein secondary structure are depicted in an interactive graphic. The'sheet' motif, often known as the 'pleated sheet', is a typical one for proteins' regular secondary structure. In order to produce an usually twisted, pleated sheet known as a beta sheet, beta strands (also known as -strands) are joined laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds. Protein secondary structures include beta-pleated sheets of protein. It is made up of a number of different beta strands that are joined together by hydrogen bonds. A beta-strand polypeptide is made of three to 10 amino acids. The fibrils and protein clumps seen in amyloidosis are created by beta sheets.
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what would be the fate of r7 differentiation in a fly with an inactive sevenless receptor and a constitutively active ras in the progenitor r7 cell?
When a fly's progenitor R7 cell has a constitutively active Ras gene and an inactive R7 receptor, the progenitor R7 cell will eventually differentiate into a R7 neuron.
How do R7 cells work?In the fly's compound eye, R7 is the eighth and last photoreceptor cell to develop. One of the differentiation mechanisms in Drosophila or any embryonic system that has been most thoroughly explored is the regulation of R7 destiny determination. This is because it offers the researcher a variety of benefits.
What occurs when RTK is turned on?When STAT proteins are activated, they enter the nucleus directly and alter transcription. Ras, a protein bound to the plasma membrane, can be activated by RTKs by making it bind GTP.
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
What would be the fate of R7 differentiation in a fly within an inactive seven less receptor and a constitutively active Ras in the progenitor R7 cell?
A. R7 progenitor will differentiate into the R7 neuron
B. R7 progenitor will not differentiate into R7 neuron
C. you will need another GOF mutation in the same fly for the R7 cell to differentiate into a neuron
D. both A and C are correct
E. none of the above
In which phase of cell cycle, the cell spends the least amount of time? A. G1 phaseB. G2 phaseC. M phaseD. S phase
The cell spends the least amount of time during the M phase. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
In general, during the human cell cycle or cell-division cycle, cells spend the most time in interphase as it undergoes preparations in order to divide themselves. Around 95% of the cell cycle is spent in interphase.
There are three stages in interphase: G1, S phase, and G2. During these stages, the DNA is replicated. Since all three of them belong to the interphase, that means they take a long time. The M phase (mitosis) is the time when cell division occurs. This phase happens relatively fast compared to the interphase.
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which choice describes a strategy used to help restore cod populations?
The strategy chosen to help with the reconstruction of cod populations is to limit the size of fishing fleets and catches. A is the correct response.
Despite being overfished for several years, New England cod appears to be recovering after being caught at historically low levels of Atlantic cod, a fish that was essential to New England's economic system.The strategy chosen to help with the reconstruction of cod populations is to limit the size of fishing fleets and catches.
Many people are hesitant to eat fish because the IUCN recently listed species like cod, haddock, and grouper as endangered. The fish that have high bycatch rates are another issue for divers. Dolphins and turtles are unintentionally killed in the nets at this location.
Option A is to reduce the number of fishing fleets and catch levels.
(Which choice describes a strategy used to help restore cod populations?
a)limit the size of fishing fleets and catches
b)restrict fishing to trawling nets
c)allow fishermen to harvest from protected areas when necessary
harvest only very young fish)
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during one month, a blood donation center found that 45.5% of the donors had the a antigen. 14.2% of the donors had the b antigen. 4.3% of the donors had the a antigen and the b antigen. 84.4% of the donors were rh . 87.4% of the donors had the b antigen or were rh . (a) find the percent of donors that have the a antigen or the b antigen. % (b) find the percent of donors that have the b antigen and are rh .
The percent of donors that have the a antigen or the b antigen is 55.9%.
The percent of donors that have the b antigen and are rh is 11.7%.
Let us assume a situation where A denotes the set of donors having A antigen, B denotes the set of donors having B antigen and R denotes the set of donors having Rh+ antigen.
n(A) = 45.8
n(B) = 14.2
n(A and B) = 4.1
n(R) = 84.7
n(B and R) = 87.2
a)The percentage of donors having A or B antigen is:
n(A and B),
= n(A) + n(B) - n(A and B)
= (45.8 + 14.2) - 4.1
= 55.9%
b)Similarly, n(B and R),
= n(B) + n(R) - n(B and R)
= (14.2 + 84.7) - 87.2
= 11.7%
Hence, required percentages are 55.9% and 11.7%.
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What are three ways athletes can maximize replenishment of their muscle glycogen stores after intense training sessions or a competitive ev a. addition of protein, addition of fiber, and timing b. addition of protein, amount of carbohdyrate, and timing c. addition of fiber, meal size, and timing d. addition
Athletes may increase the replenishment for their muscle glycogen stores in three different ways: by consuming more protein, more carbohydrates, and by timing their meals.
The correct answer is B
How does a protein affect the body?Amino acids are the chemical "building blocks" that are required to create proteins. Amino acids are used by your body to create hormones, enzymes, and to build or repair your muscles and your bones. These could also be used as a source of energy.
What happens if your body doesn't have enough protein?In addition, a protein deficiency may cause gradual loss of muscle mass, which will reduce overall strength, make it more difficult for you to maintain balance, plus slow your metabolism. If your cells aren't getting enough oxygen, you could feel exhausted, which could lead to anemia.
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Unpasteurized fruit juice can be contaminated if there are pathogens in or on the fruit used to make it.a. Trueb. False
Unpasteurized fruit juice can be contaminated if there are pathogens in or on the fruit used to make it. True.
Pasteurization, also known as pasteurisation, is a method of food preservation in which foods, both packaged and unpackaged (such as milk and fruit juices), are subjected to a mild heat treatment, typically at a temperature of less than 100 °C (212 °F), in order to destroy pathogens and increase shelf life. Although most bacterial spores survive the procedure, it is designed to kill or inactivate microorganisms and enzymes, including vegetative bacteria, that contribute to food spoiling or disease risk. The procedure bears the name of Louis Pasteur, a French scientist who discovered via his study in the 1860s that heating wine would destroy undesirable germs.
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Understand SI If a pollen spore is unable to carry S proteins in its pollen coat, can plants still prevent the germination of this pollen if it is too genetically similar? Multiple Choice a)Yes, in all cases, b)No. c)Yes, but only through sporophytic SI. d)Yes, but only by gametophytic SI.
Yes, plants can still survive only through sporophytic SI, if unable to carry S protiens.
What is Sporophytic SI in plants?Sporophytic SI (self-incompatibility) is a form of reproductive isolation in plants that prevents self-fertilization. It is caused by a genetic locus which codes for S proteins. These proteins identify pollen spores as either self or non-self and prevent the germination of self-pollen. If a pollen spore is unable to carry S proteins in its pollen coat, then it will not be recognized as self and the plant can still prevent its germination by using sporophytic SI.
It is an important mechanism of reproductive isolation in plants and is used by many species to prevent inbreeding. By preventing self-fertilization, it ensures that the genetic diversity of a species is maintained and that the evolutionary potential of the species is maximized.
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what describes the profound and enduring effect on later development that teratogens can have during the embryonic period?
critical period - Teratogens can have a variety of effects on the embryo or fetus, including physical malformations, issues with the child's behavior or emotional development, and a decreased IQ.
Some medications, illicit drugs, tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, uncontrolled health issues in the expectant parent are examples of common teratogens.
A well-known teratogen, alcohol exposure during pregnancy can have negative effects on the developing fetus. Organogenesis occurs in the embryo between implantation, which occurs at about 14 days after conception, and about 60 days after conception. This is typically the time when teratogenesis is most vulnerable and a malformation is most likely to result from exposure to a teratogenic agent.
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